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O' 


A" Y.- 


&' * 

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% 

** v>k \ * 


<£> «£> 


ZJPj&- ♦ rv ^j *W$S*.« vjf* O a 

m** A 0 \ % *’ 

.Cp .SV/., <> V * * *°* C4 







“ # # * 

0* _ 

x v V 

r\ v <0 

'« %. A .jW*- *V 

° ^5* 

V^. *' ? • v 1 

* A v 




„ „ $P % 

.Q J ^ <4 — g 

A , . &. * © *i 0 q 

0 *»V%, <> 

’ .VGlfetf. ^ & / 

vv' ; $ 

/ *5? %. V^3Kr** V ^ ^ ^ - -. 

<f. *o m \* .0^ ^b, ^S* A ^ ^© ® A ^ <0 

*«6 qv *% , ^' «* ^ ^cr e & 01 



» 

S'* 

* 

?© 


d5 ^ 


* A V^ f V %* 

k> .«••. *©. aCF.LVL'. ^ v % .!•“- CV 




$> aV 


J i»V 






**0 j> t . 

^ .<r ♦ 

1*. **b v* : 

F» 5-° ^ * 

.* ft 0 ^ ** 


m r *y U* J 

* <f? ^ 9 

Jy ^ *<Y*y ^ 

r*y q o & o 4 ^ 

* O . A 4> i - 


Ap V. **To’ .V’ 

F ** V ^ ^ n<*o # 

^ A ♦* 


’ ^0^ ;«^»*. ^o>- 

<> ^5 ^ ^ ^*- 



• « 


^ -A 

c 0 ^ °o 



^ AV 

v ^ Y* ’ ff ° * * * 

4V * I »® „ -Cr e. 0 

jT v* * c 

’’b^ . 4I ^Sa« ^0* 


aP '4 « 

/.... V*--\s 



1 Y . 1 •«* ^ 


• /°- v@ 

* <L^ O 

^ 4 '®»® 9 # %, *' 

^ ^ A *V J /k^ ^ 

^ ^°. 

.* #*%. -. 

• , 0 ^ «•*•»-"*p. .-^ .*’ 



|^*r» . 

*'* A> 




V * . 4 * NT ' ''*'^''^"4 4 .' 

A *©•** A' _. 

O " ° * <-~l , I. * » ^ < 4 ^ Q> ?, ° ^ ° <* ^ 



* *wy C * 

’ %.4 o' 

*• .. v*^\A 




0 '<*ft 

O . 

aV^ * 
* <y %b 


£\ Ap' ♦JLvjLf* V' *:.■”* a 

o. V c # *jfife'- ^ A* ^Va* ^ ^ 

* Vv e ^i! 5 I^: v\ v 

* A 'om 4 .Cr ^b, *^s* A <* 

' „ t / 0 ^ * 6 0 N ® ♦ < *"q 1 ^ ^ , t. ' » ^ '<$ 

vV "■ * jtv ^ *■ ^”% i h\\\S^ * 

Q~ * * <A 

* • * 1 * A* ^ * e w o 9 ^ 

♦ '^ v 




» 1 # A° ^ *®*°* A ^ ^ 

jy 4 *V % v * * * *cv a9 v 


: A v^. • 
V <y % 0 

■ % j\ «** 




: %A •* 



° ^ A 

® • 

«v^ * 


A **V 

4 4 / * 

A A* ^o 7 A A 

v / / .c^ * 

^ri* :4f|jk - 0 / .'lIS^ 

• A ^ *> * A v% * tJ ^ * 

® . 4 . * ■cZZy/ynffl ■* v 4*. 

* 5 v* ^ Y A ^ 

^ - av % **•'* f° ^ '«»*® -r 



* %■ $ 

«* WV 4 









.ike? !_?icnt 

BENGALEE 

© & & m m & © 

IN THE 


ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 


L 

B Y R A M M O H U N ROY. 


A V j > 

CALCUTTA: 

, /tv 6 

fO 

\ ? 

Printed at the Unitarian Press> 





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INTRODUCTION. 


It is almost impossible for individuals residing 
in this Metropolis to remain unheedful of the 
persevering exertions of many European philan¬ 
thropists in the noble attempt to ameliorate the 
moral condition of its inhabitants. Some of these 
gentlemen-, with a view to facilitate intercourse 
between themselves and the natives, have un¬ 
dergone much labour in acquiring a thorough 
knowledge of the vernacular language of the 
country; while others are diligently seeking access 
to it, without any expectation of deriving useful 
information or rational entertainment front any 
work in the language. This tract, being composed 
with a view to convey the principal rules appli¬ 
cable to that tongue atid a brief outline of the 
general principles of Grammar, is intended as 
a humble present for those worthy persons; 
and should they find it of use by affording them 
aid in their own studies, or in directing those 
of others, I shall consider myself well rewarded 
for the expence and labor bestowed on its 
publication. 

Calcutta , I 

12 th June 1826. j 






v ; 

• • • . • t 













j 





' 





ij 

... ' 

; , ; r‘.!(I *■ 

: 

b# r • At 

■■ ••...)> >iti 0 > > «J 


. 

' . . - ■ - ■ 


r 

- ' : • . *4 . 1 ff . ' :$> 71- 


BENGALEE 


GRAMMAR 

IN THE 

English Language . 

Chapter I. 

Section 1. 

Man expresses his thoughts principally^ by 
means of oral sounds Z& 't fk- Of these some are 
natural and bear the same signification amongst 
all nations; as the sounds of crying and laughing. 
Others are of conventional adoption; and of 
these last the inhabitants of various countries 
have each their own peculiar sounds for the 
expression of their ideas. Those conven¬ 
tional sounds form what is called language 
vW, and are frequently expressed by conven¬ 
tional marks called characters, 

Grammar explains the principles 

on which conventional sounds or marks are 
composed and arranged to express thoughts. 

* Thoughts are also expressed by gestures of the body 
or by other symbols or marks. 


A 





[ 2 ] 


Bengalee Grammar explains the principles 
of the Bengalee Language. 

Grammarians divide sounds into what are 
considered their elementary parts, called letters 

<r$i" 

A word is a sound or any number of 
sounds uttered as one whole, and bearing a 
conventional meaning. 

A sentence TfaJ is formed of as many 
words^ as serve for the expression of a 
thought. 

Letters, words, and sentences, therefore, 
form the whole subject of Grammar. 

Orthoepy is the right use of letters in pro¬ 
nunciation. 

Orthography is the right use of letters in ex¬ 
pressing sounds by marks called writing. 

Etymology divides words into Classes, and 
teaches the variations in words that express 
circumstance; such as ^5Tt5TlC^> ; 

feit*r, f K&t, fkcr&- 

* These may be either expressed, as “John sleeps” or 
only in part understood, as “ Go ” i. e. Do thou go ; or 
■wholly understood as in reply to the question. Have you 
eaten? the term “Yes” is equal to, “I have eaten.” 




C 3 ] 

Syntax teaclies the construction of words 
in a sentence as arranged merely to express 
thought. 

Prosody teaches the arrangement of words 
in a sentence in relation to their sounds. 


Section 2. 

Of Orthoepy and Orthography . 

fcsrftw Hfk f^rPr 

Letters are divided into two classes; Con¬ 
sonants or and vowels 

A Consonant is a sound which contributes 
to the formation of a word but cannot be itself 
pronounced without the assistance of another 
letter, as 7$. -at. &c. 

A Vowel is a letter which can be pronoun¬ 
ced by itself, and joined to consonants serves 
to render them utterable, as ^Tj. &c. 

The Bengalese, in imitation of the Sungskrit 
Grammars, divide their letters into 34 conso¬ 
nants and 16 vowels ; but several of these are 
of rare use, except in writing Sungskrit words 
in the Bengalee character. 





[ 4 

] 



Consonants . 



•at 


sr 

<5 

ku. 

khu. 


ghu. 

onu. 

V 




vfp 

chu. 

chhu. 

J u > 

jhu. 

inu. 


t 

v5 


•1 

ttu. 

tthu. 

ddu. 

ddhu. 

anu. 


* 

*T 



t. 

thu. 

du. 

dhu. 

nu. 



* 



pu. 

pH 

bu. 

bhu. 

mu. 




*r 

5T 

\ 

yu> 

ru. 


lu. 

wu or b 


*5 




sbu. 

shhu, su or shu. 

> hu. 

kshu or 



Vowels . 



*5T 

^rif 3 



%§ 

u. 

a, i 

, ce. 

00, 

00, 



A 

* 

ri. 

ree, li 

, lee. 

e. 

ei. 


£ *T 

» 



o. 

ou, ung 

, uli. 




r * Iii expressing the sounds of the Bengalee characters in 
the English or, as it is termed, the Roman character, the letter 

L u is intended to be pronounced as in hut; a as in father ; 
i as in fit; e as in obey; o as in boat; ou as in house. 

•j* >STj. and £ are the corresponding long 

vowels of ^51 . %. an ^ , So are the cor¬ 

responding dipthongs of <ij. and \Q. The Consonant ksha 
is a double letter. 

X oo as in good.—§ oo as in moon. 



[ 5 ] 


«b *r, ^r, % % S, sr°, and ^srs are 

found only in words that are originally Sungs- 
skrit. 

The first class «?, 4, sf, ^ $ together with 
ST, 4 , vs, and ^ are gutturals. 

The second class t>, ^ 33 c, ^ with ^ ^ 

and ^ are palatines. 

The third class % t, F, «t, with 3 , % and 

•sk are liiiguals* 

The fourth class > 5 , st, if, r 4 > with *f, ^ <r, ^ 
and $ are dentals. 

The fifth class *t, rr, 3-, ^ with ^ and 
are labials. 

As no consonant can be pronounced a- 
lone, the sound of the vowel is added 
to each consonant in the alphabet, as if it were 
inherent. 


# are Jjg are also classed among palatines in Sungs- 
krit, and ^ and ^ among labials. 


6 




[ 6 ] 

Section 3. 

On the sounds of individual letters . 

The second and fourth letters of each of the 
five classes are the corresponding aspirated 
letters of the first and third; khu, for in¬ 
stance, is the corresponding aspirated let¬ 
ter of hu ; and ghu of gn; as is already point¬ 
ed out in the Alphabetical Table. 

Is pronounced like a nasal o; as in 
onlcarayn mono nmnuli. 

^3 

Is sounded like a nasal* i ; as iu^p^t? 8 iu/caruh. 

Is sounded sharply like the common Eng¬ 
lish t in tale without any peculiar posi¬ 
tion of the tongue. 

Is likewise pronounced exactly like the 
English d in door . 

Is pronounced \vith the tongue more ad¬ 
vanced betwixt the teeth than the Roman t. 

* It is more correctly pronounced with an intermediate 
sound betwixt i and e nasal. 





[ 7 ] 

The provincial sound of t in the word but¬ 
ter expresses exactly. 

In like manner must be pronounced with 
the tongue between the teeth, as in the provin¬ 
cial mode of pronouncing d in ladder , ap¬ 
proaching to the sound of th in thus. 

Is pronounced somewhat like the aspirated 
p in philosopher. The difference between 
their respective sounds is, that in pronouncing 
the lips are brought more close to each other 
than in sounding the English pli. 

The mark e ng, called is placed 

among the vowels; as it always follows a 
vowel both in writing and pronunciation; as 
in any ; gooroo , gooroong , 

^rs 

This mark is also classed among the vowels, 
on account of its being invariably used after 
a vowel. It has precisely the same power as 
without an inherent vowel after it, as in 
<Tfsts ramuh, hurih. 


[ 8 1 

On variations from the regular pronunciation . 

By ignorant writers is frequently used to 
express the sound of s in words of foreign 
origin; as in &c. 

When it forms the first member of a com¬ 
pound with F, 3?, or 3T, is sounded like soft n 
as &c. But when it is 

preceded by 3F, both of them are pronounced 
like gu with a nasal accent, as in agna ; 

and when preceded by F or* ■*£, it is sounded 
like a hard nasal n , as in jachna. 

With a mark below it thus c/, is pronoun¬ 
ced with an intermediate sound betwixt* and 
r, which is produced by an attempt to pro¬ 
nounce r with the tongue applied to the same 
part of the palate as in pronouncing d ; as 
-ClTh &c. To distinguish it from the 
real >5 or d when writing Bengalee in English 
characters, aspirated rh may be used with 
some propriety, as most nearly approaching the 
true sound of this form of the letter. 



[ 9 ] 


f 

Besides its usual sound dh , it is sometimes 
pronounced still harder than vF or rk> and is 
often distinguished by a stroke below it, as a 
substitute for the English k; as in <»f roorhh , j^f 
drirhk &c. 

These two letters du and f dhu , it may be 
remarked, are always sounded as rh and f. 
rkky except in the beginning of words ; as vFt^i 
and Ft«b or when placed second in order in 
compound letters, as iflFj, or even first, if 

compounded with ^ 3 vF, as ^ v|, 

Is found only in Sungskrit words as be¬ 
fore observed ; and when joined with another 
letter, this is sounded like ^ or the English 
soft n ; as ^ 1 . 

When the second member of a compound 
consonant, frequently loses its own sound in 
pronunciation, doubling generally the conso¬ 
nant to which it is attached, and giving it a sort 
of nasal sound ; as &c. Instead of 

pronouncing Pudmu, Smriti, as the natives of 

the Upper Provinces properly do, Bengalese, 

C 


[ 10 ] 

without exception, pronounce Puddnu , Shnriti, 
&c. 

• - ^ ■ 

Has the sound of j in the beginning of w ords, 
as in srsr; as well as in the beginning of sylla¬ 
bles, as in W^rpittt, with a few exceptions, as 
in f^rtsT, &c.; and when it is the first 

member of a compound with another sr it has 
also the sound of j, as in : But in all 

other situations it Jhas precisely the power of 
the English y in yoke as 

T 

s . 

Is written in the Alphabet as having the 
sound of either w or v dental or b labial. But it 
has the former sound only when compounded 
with another consonant; as in Tt?[ dwar; 
except j[, which has a tendency to double the 
consonant to which it is prefixed as in TJ 
and except sf, or *5T, as yfh 

* *r. 

In Sungskrit these three letters are describ¬ 
ed as possessing distinct sounds pronoun¬ 
ced with different organs, and are respective¬ 
ly called Taluvyu or palatine, Moqrdhmyu 


[ ii 3 

or lingual, and Dunlyii or dental. In Ben¬ 
galee however with certain exceptions, they 
are indiscriminately pronounced as sk and al¬ 
most as indiscriminately written; though, 
for the sake of Etymology, it were to be 
wished that orthography in this respect were 
more attended to. 

It may be remaked, however, that ^ is sel¬ 
dom written at the beginning of a word that 
has the sound of s before or as in 
*T5H, <£t;,and that ^ has the same sound 

of s, when forming the first member of com¬ 
pounds with 15 , ^ 3 , or ^ as in the words 

or when affixed . to as 

in fMt. 

Is asserted by Grammarians, on Etynio- 
logical grounds, to be a compound of ^ and ^ ; 
but it is pronounced as if formed ot 4 and 
as in pureekhya 

For the vowels ^ and £, t^l and «ft may 
be substituted in writing, aud and ft for 
the vowels ^ and ; except when expressing 
Sungkrit words in Bengalee characters. 


[ 12 ] 

Section 4. 

On the conjunction of letters. 

When vowels follow consonants so as to be 
pronounced in the same syllable or by one 
impulse of the voice, they are liable to a 
change from the form in which they are written 
at the beginning of a syllable ; except the two 
last mentioned vowels® and g, as well, as ^ and 
^ which undergo no change whatever. The 
first vowel is not expressed by any mark 
when pronounced after a consonant, as 
“ do you ” which, in fact, is composed of four 
letters viz. ^; but both the ^s are 

omitted in writing. 

Original forms of vowels. Their change. 


vSTj 

a 


ka 

* 

i 

1% 

ki 

* 

ee 


kee 


0o 


koo 


00 


koo 

* 

ri 


kri 

% 

ree 

c. 

kree 


e 

C<£ 

ke 


ei 


kei 

* 

o 

1 

ko 

£ 

ou 

<3h 

kou 



The following irregular forms of compound 
letters are likewise in frequent use. 


Irregular forms composed of a consonant 
and a vowel. 


f ^ » M ^ If 

koo goo too bhoo meo roo roo slioo boo hri kri 

Irregular forms composed of consonants 

under general rules. 

is changed into' the niark of j after a con¬ 
sonant, as 3*j, -tfj. See. and j into the mark of 
when written after a consonant; as tf, &c. 
but when placed over it, the mark '"is substi¬ 
tuted for ^as^f: sr, and almost all 

other consonants, when subjoined, lose only 
their ?rt3l of the stroke ovef them, as 

% ** $ ^ 

knu kmu klu kwu 


The following are irregular forms of conso¬ 
nants not compounded according to any ge¬ 
neral rule, ^ 

^ composed of ^ and ^^ of 3 ? and j f $ 
of and ^ of $ and ^of $ and ; V 
of vip and ^^ of ^ and ^ ^ ; of 4 s and ^ 
of double T?; <3 of «J and ^ ^ of double ^ 



[ 14 ] 

of ^5 and st; 35 of double ^ and J; ^J of 3 and 

?; 3 of ^ and 3 ; W of ^ and *f; *s[ of ^ and 

st; ^ of^T and sr; JJ of ^ and 3 ; 3f of ^ and 

*t; ^ of ^ and «i ; ^ of 3T and st ; ^ of ^ and ^T, 

It is however optional with a writer to fol¬ 
low the forms of compounded letters as given 

above or to use the regular alphabetic forms 
in writing them. 

We also find the figure % used for ^ with- 
out any inherent vowel as splendid. 

Signifying the number seven, stands fre¬ 
quently at the head of Bengalee accounts, for 
the name of Gunesh a Hindoo deity, supposed 
to have been possessed of the head of an Ele¬ 
phant and the body of a man, who as the lea^ 
derofthe destructive spirits, is invoked to avert 
their malignant influence. The figure^ hav¬ 
ing a fancied resemblance to the trunk of an 
Elephant, conveys an allusion to that deitv. 

° This mark called by Grammarians 
CkundruvmdoQ , when placed over a letter, 
gives it a strong nasal sound as in Tipt bans . 
For the purpose of denoting this mark, a 
stroke, just over the letter may be used in 
writing Bengalee in the Roman character. 

This mark when separately used, is prefixed 
to the names of deceased persons. 


[ 15 ] 


When a word terminates in a consonant, in 
order to shew that the last letter bears no in- 





This nicety in writing* Bengalee, how- 





learner in reading, therefore, to know, that 
except real Bengalee adjectives and those 
nouns and adjectives that jqnd Jn double con- 


the end of a word either simple or compound, 
as Oottum, Soondur: Ram , 

^Ra??iaas Muhadev &c.* 


The rules which are laid down in some 



Grammars to explain the changes remarked 
to take place in vowels and consonants, for 
the sake of sound, when two words are 
brought together to form a compound word, 
* The inherent final ^ ol the Impera.tiye Mode 2 
person when disrespect is not meant, as and 

of the Indicative mode 2 person present, as and also of 
the Future Tense 1 person, as "STif^^T, as well as of the 
past tense 3 person when respect is not meant, as f^ef, 
* s pr ()n o unc ed. 




are applicable only to the Sungskrit language, 
and can serve but to perplex students of Ben¬ 
galee, as that language receives stfchf wpjds 
readily formed from the Sungskrit; Us TT?TtT?t 
compounded of ^ a demon and enemy , 

signifying Krishna a Hindbo Incarnation, who 
is said to have destroyed that Demon ; *T3rsp5t? 
compounded of trie highest and 

the Lord\ signifying the Supreme Being. If 


mty student be desirous to know the rules for 
the particular changes made in simple words, 
when united to form compounds, let him 
acquire those laid down in the beginning 
off Sungskrit Grammars. 


Chapter If. 
Section 1. 
ETYAFOLOGY. 


( 

i 


All words'may, in the first instance, be divi¬ 
ded into two classes. 

A word which names the subject of our 
thought or the principal object of a mental 
operation, is called a substantive and 

that which expresses what is considered as 
aiiributed to a subject is called an attributive 


) 





[ 17 ] 

Division of Substantives* 

A substantive is the name oF a subject 
of which we have a notion ; either through our 
external senses., as Ram, man ; or by our in¬ 
ternal powers of mind, as hope, fear, submission. 

Some names are appropriated only to particu¬ 
lar individuals, as Ram, Shy am, John, Richard, 
and are called proper names ; whilst 

others are applied to a class of individuals when 
considered as having* some general pro¬ 
perty in common, as vr*037 man, elephant; 
or to the classes of individuals of which 
each class is considered as having some gener¬ 
al property distinguishing it from other classes, 
as ^ tree, animal, and are called com¬ 
mon names TTfsrfaT 

A second class of substantives consists of 
words which are used to imply particular 
individuals, though not in themselves signifi¬ 
cant of any definite object, or of any class of 

* This work is chiefly intended for the use of English 
students, and therefore v ords are subdivided according to 
> the svstem adopted by European Grammarians, without 
meaning any preference whatever. 

E 



[ *8 ] 


objects, as I, thou , He, tsrlfir, ^fir, G T 
These are called Pronouns 


Division of Attributives. 


/ Attributives may be divided into six classes; 

J Adjective, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Preposi- 
tion. Conjunction, and Interjection. 

Such attributives as express the properties or 
circumstances of nouns without relation to time, 
are called adjectives , ; as 

good , bad, full, 


While those that express the attributes (or 
accidents) of nouns with absolute relation to 
time, are called verbs , as 

TTtft I strike , G\ he struck. 

And those that express the circumstances 
of nouns with regard to time depending on that 
noted by another verbal attributive, are called 
participles, ; as & 

; He went out, continually 

beating. 

Such as express the attributes of other 
attributives are called Adverbs , ; 

as --ft* nU, he goes quickly , fsfSr TT^ 
he is very mild. 

Such as, when coirectly placed before or 
after a word, express the relation of another at- 


[ 19 ] 

tribute or noun to that word, are called Pre¬ 
positions, srspfteT farfST*!; as towards, for 
&c. JX7XJ Vjf5 towards Ram. 

Such as, when placed between sentences, 
express the attribute of copulative or dis¬ 
junctive relations between the thoughts con¬ 
veyed by those sentences, and when correctly 
used between words, express their agree¬ 
ment in accident without governing them, 
are called Conjunctions 
as, ^rtfsT sp* ftsfl-sr 

Tfl I gave him a horse, but he did not accept 
of it; wtfsr ^ I and thou will 

go together. 

But those that express the momentary pas¬ 
sions or emotions of the speaker, though utter¬ 
ed alone, are called Interjections,fcC*t 3«i, 
as, ^srifSr wrattfJ w alas l have 

done wrong ! 

Section 2. 

Of Cases. 

The relations of a noun to a verb, as Ram 
beats, or of one noun to another, as Ram's 
house, are generally expressed by some 
peculiarity in the termination of the noun; 
as *r*r, a house, house’s; or by its 



[ 20 ] 


relative position, as the boij * 

hr ole the house ; or lastly by tlie aid of a 
preposition generally placed in Bengalee after 
the noun, as Of he went from 

the house , and are called cases 
( In Bengalee, cases may be reduced to four ; the / 
f nominative, accusative, locative, and genitive, j 
The nominative is that case in which a noun 
stands when coupled with a verb, so that to¬ 
gether they convey a meaning, though sepa¬ 
rated from all the other words of the sentence 
expressed or understood; as he sat 

down.-J- 


* The word “ boy ” being- situated in the beginning of a 
sentence and being capable of performing the action break¬ 
ing, is reckoned the nominative case ; and the u house ” 
being placed after the verb in English and close to it in Ben¬ 
galee and being a passive object, is considered as in the 
accusative case. Here relative situation, without any 
change in the termination and without the aid of a preposition 
requires that one should be the nominative and the other the 
accusative. In some instances, such as u John beats Thomas,’* 
the peculiar .situation of the word John and that of Thomas 
alone serves to denote the former as the nominative and the 
latter as the accusative. 

■f The nominative therefore denotes the agent, when the 
verb related to it is either active or neuter; as I love, I 




[ 21 ] 

The original form of a noun is used in Ben¬ 
galee, in denoting the nominative case ; as 

Huridcts said. But it is frequent¬ 
ly found in the form of the locative case also, 
when the noun meant as the nominative is a 
monosyllable or dissyllable, accompanied 
with an active verb, as CZCK the ted says, 
C^rt^tTT the horse killed him. 

The accusative denotes that the noun in that 
form is the object to which an action passes on 
either really or metaphorically, from another 
noun in the nominative form ; as ^rlfsr ‘“trtTOF 
■srttt I strike Shyairt; vSfir 

he is worshiping 
God to conquer death < It is formed by 
adding C3F* to the proper nominative form 

walk* or expresses the object acted upon, if the verb agreeing 
with it is passive; as I am loved: It cannot; therefore, be con¬ 
sidered synonimous with “ agent” but should be called 
h e. both an agent or correctly speaking, the 
subject of an accident whether in an active or a neuter 
sense—and the object acted upon when it is made the sub¬ 
ject of discourse. 

* Sometimes in poetry and most frequently in the language 
of the natives of the eastern part of Bengal or is 

used insted of ; as, f%ft <3 

^Tt 1 ?tC<W} be beat him and his son. 

F 





[ 22 ] 

of a noun, as (?[ s’TFi^T^'Ci; he is in* 

structing his son ; But this mark c%s is very of¬ 
ten omitted in nouns signifying vegetating ob¬ 
jects, and especially those which are destitute 
both of animal and vegetable life ; as, 
c?if*r3 ^ ^srt^tf^r or o\ c?if*re 

he is hewing the tree 
planted by himself; c?T he i? 

reading the book. 

In such instances as “Ram gave the book to 
Shyam,” where the action of giving passes on 
from Ram first to the book and secondly to 
Shy am, the termination c 3 ? is added always to 
the object which is second in view, as 3 ;^ %% 
f^C^R Huri gave much money to Huri- 
das. C*R3, grant a son to me ; and 

sometimes to the object which is first in view, 
should that object be rational and definite ; as 
^[RR give me your ownsonvf- 

fy * The object first in view is often first mentioned ; but 
in most cases the sense must be sought from thg con¬ 
text. 

+ Hence there is no necessity of introducing the dative 
case in Bengalee ; altho’ it is unavoidably used in Sungskrit, 
both from the peculiarity of its termination in that language 
and from the variety of its application. ^ 



[ 23 ] 

The locative case denotes that the noun in 
tliat form expresses the location of the ac¬ 
cident referred to in the sentence. It is 
formed by adding 4 or to the nominative, 
as & ^51^ he arrived at day-break; 

or WZJZ^, > he is at home . But 
those nouns that end in Wt, have either C5 or sr 
instead of ^ or 4 z^5 ; as or in 

earth; and to those that end in ^ if, 
oj, <if, 'S, or the syllable o§ only is added to 
signify location; in the knife, 

in the elephant. 

The Genitive case denotes a noun having , 
a direct or indirect relation to some other noun 
in the sentence, limiting really or figuratively 
the sense of the noun it is related to. It is 
formed by adding to the nominative end¬ 
ing in a consonant or sr, as ?rtest? Barn’s 
house $ and by adding j to a noun ending in 
any other of the vowels, as SR the 

king’s wealth. Here the word “ house” is 
restricted from meaning any house to signify the 
individual house of Ram. The noun in the 
Genitive case has thus the power of an attri¬ 
butive understood. 




[ 24 ] 

The instrument employed by an Agent in 
effecting an accident either active or neuter, is 
frequently expressed by adding fer*| to the no¬ 
minative case or Ti?1 to the Genitive, or some¬ 
times by adding the symbols of the locative 
case to the nominative form of nouns signifying 
inanimate objects • as find 1 , or Cfe 
or through or with a knife • 

As instrumental nouns are' generally indicat¬ 
ed by prepositions, but seldom by their termi¬ 
nation ; we may perhaps dispense with an ad¬ 
ditional case called the instrumental . 

When in expressing an accident one sub¬ 
ject is represented as proceeding out of or 
departing from another, the latter is denoted 
by the preposition added to the nomina¬ 
tive form of nouns in the singular number 
and to the Genitive form in the plural, as ^fST- 
*$F5ftom a village from the 

counsellors, from the Banyans.f 

* The real f orce of and will be explained when 
treating of prepositions. 

t The change produced in the Pronoun and 

the others by the addition of nf s> ^ 5 % will 

be noticed in the chapter treating of Prepositions. 





[ 25 ] 

Hence we might perhaps also dispense with 
the ablative case in the Bengalee language. 

When a noun is pronounced with a view of 
calling, real!} or figuratively, the attention of 
the object addressed, the proper nominative 
form is used without any inflexion ; as 
O Ram i sjjj O Sun f \s O brother ! \q* 
O Gentlemen ! The vocative, there¬ 
fore, as a distinct case appears unnecessary. 

Section 3. 

Of Number . 

When a thing, or a number of things forming 
one class, is considered as one object of thought, 
the noun signifying the same is used in its ori¬ 
ginal form called the singular number^ as 
■sr^J a man, a world; and when more than 
one individual dr collective object (or in some 
languages more than two objects) are considered 
as the subjects of discourse, the noun signify¬ 
ing them is generally found in another form 
than the singular, which is named the plural 
number ; as TRpoiri men. 

* The force of each of the vocative particles will be ex¬ 
plained when treating of interjections. 

G 



[ 26 J 

In Bengalee those nouns only which denote 
rational creatures or objects personified vary 
the form of the singular to express their plura¬ 
lity, as Doctor, nf&rwl Doctors.. In 

other nouns plurality is denoted only by some 
words expressive of number,- as ^ a cow, 
cows* literally, all cows. But when a 
man is styled for his stupidity, to express 
plurality of number, the plural form of the 
noun is adopted; as animals, that 

is stupid men ; ^ give know¬ 

ledge to these cows, that is, to these stupid 
men. We may also say TT^nTJ or 
all men, in expressing the plural. Such nouns 
of number admit generally of declension like 
substantives in the singular number. 

The cases and numbers of Bengalee nouns 
are exhibited; in the following examples. 

Example of a noun ending in a consonant 
as or in as and having a plural? 

form. 


* See in page 15, the remarks on ill® pronunciation o£ 
^jtf. a t die end of a word. 





I 27 ] 


Singular Number . 


Nom. 


a boy 

tA-CC. 


a boy or to a boy # 

Log. 


or 3:M 1^05 in a boy 

tjrCU. 


of a boy or a boy’g 


'Plural Number , 


Nom. boys 

Acc. orwfa^&boys or to boys 

Loc. in boys 

Gan. or of boys 

Nouns signifying inferior animals are like¬ 
wise declined ; except that they have no regm 
l ir plural number. Their plurality as already 
observed may be denoted by adding vf&Ff to 
the word before the symbols of the cases. 

Example of a noun ending in any of the 
proper vowels except ^ 

* See in page 22 the remarks on the accusative case. 

-J* In the locative form nouns ending in ^ change it into 
^ or ; a s ZTpfC^ in a war 5 an( l ^ iese Ioca: ‘ 

tives are pronounced in the same manner as those that end 
in a consonant When the noun ends in the first form is 
preferable ; as in the hand, at day-break. 

I This case is compounded of a hoy, ex¬ 

pressing plurality, and £3? the symbol of the accusative, and 
in the second form ^ of 09 is changed into 

tf. __ _ 







Nom. 

Acc, 

Log. 

Gen. 

Nom. 

Acc. 

Loc. 

Gen. 

Nouns implying vegetating objects and 
such as are destitute both of animal and vege¬ 
table life, are declined like those that signify 
inferior animals/except that the symbol in 
the accusative case of the former is sometimes, 
and in that of the latter very frequently o- 
mitted ; as ^ or he hewed the 

tree; he read the book. See 

page 22. Section 4. 

Remarks on the Cases . 

The termination of the nominative case is 
sometimes changed when contempt is implied 

* This and similar nouns sometimes convey plurality 
even in the singular form; as ^rtT (K'3 give grass 

to the Cow or to the Cows. 

-{* See in page 23 the remarks on {he locative case. 


[ 28 ] 

Singular. 
a Cow 

floras a Cow or to a Cow 
in a Cow 

of a Cow or a Cow’s 
Plural . 

Cows 

Cows or to Cows 
or in Cows 

of Cows 



[ 29 1 

or intended ; and thus altered may be declined 
regularly, as Nom. # &ini, Aec.f Loc.| 

-srter or £t*rtF5, Gen. § ^mt?. 

Nouns of one syllable onding in a conso¬ 
nant admit of having the letter added ; as 
<ri W t Kama instead of Ram. But such as end 
in have ^ changed to ^ri; as instead of 

Nouns of more than one syllable ending in 
a consonant add <*\ ; as, ^Ttf3nT3? ’> 

except when the noun is compound 
and the latter word composing it is a mono¬ 
syllable containing a short vowel; when it fol¬ 
lows the usual rule of monosyllables : as 
for a name compounded of Rain an d 

phun. 

Nouns ending in ^ or ^ change the final 
vowel to a soft u?, as <P >^*1 b or 

Nouns ending in ^ change that vowel to 3 ; 
as *TS, ’tell. 

Nouns ending in ^T], if dissyllables, having 
the first syllable terminated in ^T1 also, change 
or t m -1 § w- 

H 



[ SO ] 

the former to uj and the latter to 'S ; as C$C '$I 
for ; but otters seldom admit of any 
change; as <r*rj, *ITW, n51?1. 

and some others are 
irregularly formed. This contemptuous manner, 
in which superiors speak of and address inen 
of inferior birth and menial employment, is one 
of the degrading consequences of aristocracy 
in this country. As it is strongly hoped that 
in a few years under the blessings of the 
British Rule, one man will know his duty 
to another, these expressions will then be 
scarcely used; and Twill therefore not pro¬ 
ceed further on this subject. 

The phrase and some others 

would seem to shew, that the accusative case 
is sometimes formed by adding u); but in these 
cases the noun is, in fact, in the Locative case, 
and the phrase may be translated “ he struck 
(me) on the hand.” 

Section 5. 

Of Gender 
f*W- 

The variations in the form of a noun which 
in many languages mark either a real or 


C 31 ] 

figurative distinction of sex, are little known in 
Bengalee. 

Oi iaose that admit of this change the names 
of Males- ending in ^ or when applied to 
females of the same kind are generally farmed 
by changing ^ to ; as a keiyurttuy 

a female keivurttu; and by adding ^ 
to ; as atPcf, a dhoba, csrt *Vft a female 
dhoba; CW31 a sekra, a female sekra? 

Nouns denoting rational creatures ending 
in ^ ^ or a consonant except ^ sjy of* 
ten add vff for the feminine; as a harhi, 

a female harhi; ntfa a malj, (or 

a female mali; a kuloo, ^ff a f.- 

<k. 

male kuloo; a kamar, a female 

kamar. # 

Those ending in 7( add ^ in the feminine ; 
as a moossilman, OTl^Tri^ a female 

moossilman; *\f5U a patthan, a female 

patthan; and those that end in ^most frequently 
add ^rff or ; as a chundal, FGtfSpft 


* They often pronounce for a female 

•f the napit tribe, transferring the ^ 0 f the to the 






[ 32 ] 

a female cliundal; ort^ a mogul, orKMlnf 
a female mogul. 

Names of inferior male animals ending in a 
consonant, add if or to form the feminine 
as a Jackal, : n a she Jackal; <t"T a 

Tiger, Thf} or a tigress ; a snake, 

a female snake. 

Those which end in <srl often change that 
vowel to if; as c^Fj a Ram, a Ewe ; 

C3W a horse csrTqff or *r\f} a mare. # Under this 
rule may be classed such nouns ending in ^pj as 
signify a kinsman when they are applied to his 
wife : Thus -sTyj an uncle on the father’s side, 

<k * 

•alvsff the wife of a ^Fl. 

<K. 

Those that end in add ; as Ttfs 

The feminine of many nouns similar to 
the above is formed by prefixing ^ a female ; 
as Kite, a female Kite; a 

hare, a female hare. 


* In tlie femmine form,, as well as in Gentiles and com¬ 
pound nouns, an original long vowel is sometimes changed 
iuto a short one ; as CTtVi, J CfllTfal, CSTWf^Sft. 

•s. 



f 33 ] 

The feminine of some others signifying a 
tribe or nation is expressed by the common 
Genitive form, as C^r^T a female of the 

Varendru tribe ; Cjmj an English woman* 
Chapter III. 

Section 1. 

Nouns irreguldr. 

a father, ^ri a mother; a brothel, 
^1“sr* a brother’s wife ; a sister, a sis- 

<K <K 

ter’s husband ; HlPr a mother’s sister, Otrtl the 
husband of a irWt; a bull, a cow. 

Sungskrit words signifying females are used 
in Bengalee in their original form, as found in 
Sunscskrit Dictionaries; as '> 

*nri; srm-, -371^ & c - 

To introduce in a Bengalee grammar such 
rules regarding the feminines as might afford a 
knowledge of the mode of their formation in 
Sungskrit would, I think, be attended with 
much perplexity to a student, without propor¬ 
tional benefit. 


• Since no distinction of Gender i§ found in 
this language in the forms of its verbs, pronouns, 
or adjectives, as c*f vf^g; ^17° & 3ft 53* 



I 





£ 3 4 1 


“ that man is good; and that woman is good f 
any further discussion of this subject would 
only occasion the student useless labour. 

Section 2, 

Gentiles . 

From names of countries words may be 
formed signifying objects having relation to 
those countries under the following rules ; and 
the words so derived are equivalent to a Geni¬ 
tive case in their signification ; as of 

or belonging to Hindoostan. 

If the name of a place ends in Wb the word 
denoting relation is generally formed by ad¬ 
ding ^ to the original. Thus Ft^l becomes 
lTWt, that is, a person or thing of Dhaka ; 
^«I1 of Bhooshhna > In 

common conversation is in use, but not in 
writing, 

Names ending in ^ or ^ do not change their 
termination, except in the common form of 
the Genitive case ; as Jfiqp* a Brah¬ 

man of Kashee, 

When the name of a place ends in a conso¬ 
nant or in ^$r, sf or is often added to denote 
relation; as or a 


t 35 ] 

person or tiling of Bhagulpoor; wp- 

WCS of Krishna Nugur ; z^kU ^fVtR (it^tl) 
the Raja of Burdhman. 

Nouns ending in a consonant if of one 
syllable, and if ^rt precede the termination, add 
frequently the vowel ^ to it, and change into 
^ to express perpetual residence in, or close 
relation to, the primitive ; as a tree, CtfCW 1 
an animal or man that continually resides ia 
a tree ; *5rt^ fish, csrc^l that which chiefly lives 
upon fish. If the vowel be ^ instead of n5TI, V3 
is only added to the noun; as forest, zz^i* 
one that resides principally in a forest; *$1X^1 
a house chiefly made of grass. Nouns of more 
than one syllable ending in a consonant, acid 
often or ^r |; as mountain or 

mountainous; (Sungskrit 

crocodile, Offit) a river full of crocodiles. 

Here the long ^ is changed into a short one. 

monkey, Z.UZZ or Tfa’Riirh he who profes¬ 
sionally exhibits monkeys; deer, 

deer-like jump ; stone, (f*T) 

rock-lime ; spSFrSffi the water of the Ganges, 


In speaking it is sometime .sounded 






[ 36 J 

stiffens one that swears falsely by the water 
of the Ganges. 

To avoid a multiplicity of rules, we may" 
reckon such derivatives as or he 

who carries burthens, from Old* burthen, (XU& 
or csrf^ri muddy, from -sriiff mud, and others, 
among irregular derivatives- 

Names formed in the above manner, if added 
to other nouns, may be often used as attribu¬ 
tives ; as Ft3Fl^ C«Ti3F men of Dhaka. 

Such Sungskrit words as imply persons or 
things as related to a country, profession, or 
other circumstance, are generally used in Beu-^ 
galee, as a person or a thing of 

Druvirh, a Province in Dukshhun ; /fe of the 
country of fsrRffil Mithila; Csthfl^r one of 
Gourh i he who is a professor of ^Jl^r 

Logic. 

Section 3. 

Of the de?'ivalion of abstract nouns. 

To express the conduct of a class of objects 
not held in respect, add fsr or stffsr to the noun 
signifying that class ; as c^JI a child, c^ntf&T 
childishness or the conduct of a child ; a 

monkey Tpcgtfir monkey-tricks, or conduct like 


[ 37 ] 

a monkey, from vr<t a house, though for¬ 

med in this manner, is to be considered as an 
exception, signifying not liquse-buiiding but a 
house-builder. 

An abstract signification may be expressed 
by adding vSii^ to some Bengalee substantives 
and adjectives : as a brahmun, 

brahman ship : good, \5f3*r$t goodness ; 

mischievous, mischievousness. 

There is no general rule for forming abstract 
nouns in Bengalee from substantives expressing 
real objects, or from adjectives; but those 
already used in Sungskrit are introduced into 
Bengalee : such as or humanity 

derived from'SRCr man to signify what exclusively 
constitutes the state of being man; or 

goodness derived from good to 

signify the state of being good. Thus by the ad¬ 
dition of or ^1 to every Sungskrit substantive or 
adjective an abstract noun is commonly formed. 

Several abstract nouns of other forms found 
in Sungskrit are also used in Bengalee : as 
or sff^l slowness from sffa slow ; 

handsomeness from handsome; 

re spect from $$ respectful * 

* \ ide the latter part of the chapter on adjectives. 

J 





[ 38 ] 

Section 4. 

Compound Nouns, 

or 3f5Tt?T* 

^ There are few in use in the language of 
Bengal^ and those may be reduced to four clas¬ 
ses. First; such as are composed of a noun in 
the nominative form and of a passive participle; 
though sometimes bearing an active sense; are 
pretty frequent. The former word of the coim 
pound; though in the nominative form; is often 
Substituted for the accusative or the locative ; 
as one whose arm is broken. In this 

instance is the nominative and xsl'Sfj is the 
passive participle having a passive sense. But 
(^f?r) signifies that knife which is ca¬ 
pable of cutting the bone : in this casebone; 
though in the nominative forng is a substitute 
for the accusative; and cut; though in the 
form of a passive participle; has an active sense. 
sTfe from a tree and ripe; a fruit 

become ripe on the tree ; the former is meant 

as the locative case and the latter has an 
intransitive sense. 

* Sung. broken-handed, 

f Sung. C^pffa bone cutting (knife.) 

t Sung. 7 ^ 9 ^ tree-ripened (fruity 






I 39 ] 

^ The second class consists of such as are 
composed of two nouns, in the first of which 
the nominative form is substituted for the ge¬ 
nitive or locative case and the latter, though in 
the nominative form, may end in either 4 , 
or n 5TI : As composed of ^>1*1 a kind of 

tree and *b$r?r a pond, a pond of Tal or Pal¬ 
myra trees, that is a pond surrounded by Tal 
trees ; of the ear and a 

kind of small tree (Ocynium Sanctum) held 
sacred by Hindoos, or the leaf of that 
tree, implying one who always keeps the leaf 
of the tree in his ear to appear a devotee ; 

compound of monkey, and * 

^ face, he who has the face of a monkey, that 
is, one who resembles a monkey in the face ; 
TRtnd^l of TT-tt face and CF\J thief, one who has 
the face of a thief, that is, bashful in conversa¬ 
tion. Sometimes to complete the sense a pre¬ 
position must be understood between the two 
words compounded : As, composed 

of house and madman, the preposition 

-----1__l—.—— -- 

’ Sung. 

t Sun s- 

i Sung. Tfcnrfaj. 

§ Sung, 




[ 40 ] 

“ for ” is understood, one mad for, or madly 
attached to, his house; CTtdl CTTt^l* * of CTt«f| gold 
and csri?i covered, the preposition ffTgl “ with ” 
is understood, that is, a thing covered with 
gold. To form the feminine several of these 
compounds change 4 , '3, or sri, to as 

* The third class consists of those which are 
composed of an adjective and a noun, which 
though in the nominative form, ends in 'Q or ji ; ^ 
as fsitb composed of sweet and VC ill 
mouth, that is, one of sweet conversation ; 

composed of red and hair, that is 
red-haired. 

^ The fourth consists of such as are com¬ 
pounded of two words, generally signifying mu¬ 
tual or vehement action, having the final vowel 
changed into ^ : as vr<Tt Vlft formed from Vf?l{- 
beating, that is, reciprocal beating ; oflFI Ofjl% 
from of)^1, running, that is, hard running. 
Sometimes under the above form we repeat a 

* Sung, 

-j- Vt<n the p&ssiYa participle M beaten” and ‘some¬ 
times is used to signify the act of beating ; as 

*FriH “It. is not proper to beat one seeking 

protection.” 




( 41 ) 

noun signifying an object used generally as an 
instrument of an action to imply mutual oper¬ 
ation through that instrument, ass^st^tfs “ fight¬ 
ing each other hand to hand.* 

There may be some compounds that are not 
included in the above rules ; but a due attention 
to those stated, may enable a student to trace 
the mode of their formation, should he meet 
with any such in reading or conversation. 

The above rules are also calculated to illus¬ 
trate the formation of those Sungskrit com¬ 
pounds called Wfa*. Such as compounded 
of the moon and face ; “ he whose face 
is like the moon*, or “ moon-faced*; fCFf^ri of 
^ evil and mind, that is “ evil-minded”; 

of white and body, “white¬ 
bodied”; of ^the land and lord, 

“ ^ or d of the land”; of ^ghand and ^5 

made, that is “ a thing made by the hands”; 

of army and victorious, “ one 

who defeats an army”; of ^father and 

religion,“ the religion of one’s own father”; 
of m water and living, “what lives 
in the water.* 


K 


( 42 ) 

or is frequently annexed to nouns or to 
the numerals attached to them. When attach¬ 
ed to names of animated objects, the use of T>j 
implies indifference or contempt, as ^P? 
u a dog’’, 'spnnr u a fellow.” Connected 

with names of inanimate objects it conveys 
generally an idea of magnitude, as “a 

house”—not a very small one. 

fl> is often attached to names of animated 
objects, when they are mentioned with pity or 
affection, as -fa poor or dear boy.” 

Applied to inanimate objects it conveys the 
idea of insignificance, as “a small 

sum of one rupee”. 

is generally prefixed to names whose 
principal dimension is length, as “a 

rope.” a little, is often added to the names 
of liquids, as “a little water.” 

OtfiT>1 about, is prefixed to numbers when 
precision is not intended, as csfiiM Fit? T^Fl <7^3 
“give about four rupees.” 

sfcTt attached to names denotes aggregation 
without respect, as Tfs^F ^Ti “a crowd of boys,” 
st«Ti u a sum of rupees.” 



( 43 ) 

has the same meaning in a diminutive 
sense, and is applied where pity or affection is 
felt towards the object, as “ a collec¬ 

tion of poor boys.” 

is applied to the names of objects that 
are flat or nearly so, without affecting their 
signification; as ^ -XU “a piece of cloth,” 
stfa is added to cloth when it consists of webs 
of a particular length, or to a gold-mdhur; as <4? 

“a web of cloth,” ^ “ a gold 

mohur piece.” All these particles, when affixed 
to numbers, shew that the individual objects 
are indeterminate ; but when immediately at¬ 
tached to the objects, render the sense most fre¬ 
quently definite : as orW srfr * bring a 

boat;” “bring the boat 

OT3 “give to a boy ;” “give to the 

boy.” 

^ The examples given above show, that nouns 
after being joined to any of these particles are 
. declined regularly; CK$ “giye to the 

boy” See. 

The vowel ^ added to a name through ail 
its inflections, gives it a particular emphasis, as 
W “that very man beat 


( 44 ) 

OTS ‘‘give to me and to me only.” So \3 is added 
to signify conjunction in the accident without 
comparison ; as sqtftrS “ I also will go ;* 

or, with an implied comparison, as OT 

“ he despised even me,” that is to 
say, “he despised others, and even me whom he 
ought much more to respect..” 

A word signifying an accident is sometimes 
repeated to denote the frequency or higher de¬ 
gree of it: as “ frequently moving.” 

A word followed by a similar sound of equal 
length, bearing no meaning, is thereby extended 
in its signification, as CFfct'F “ Is 

there any thing of the cloth kind or of the 
nature of cloth?” ^ “ Is there any 

kind of liquid ?” 



Chapter IV. 


Of Pronouns. 

*$&{*m* 

^ A second class of nouns called Pronouns 
consists of words which are used to imply par¬ 
ticular individuals, though not in themselves 
significant of any definite object or any class 
of objects; as, I, thou, he; ^Ttfsr, ^fsr, 0\ 

Pronouns are used to denote either, first, the 
person speaking as the speaker, as, ^rtfrr I; se¬ 
condly, the person spoken to as such, as, vgfsr thou ; 
or thirdly, as substitutes for the name of any 
other subjects previously expressed or under¬ 
stood ; as ot he, she, or it. When the subject 
of discourse is neither the speaker nor the per¬ 
son addressed, it may be a person or thing con¬ 
sidered either as present, or as absent; and in 
the latter case, as either distantly or nearly 
viewed; the first is expressed by ^ “ this 
the second by <?\ “ he, she, or itthe third 
by nq u that,” 

L 


vV 


[ 40 ] 


If in denoting a subject of discourse, a pro¬ 
noun absolutely requires a clause of a sentence 
to be joined with it, it is called the relative 
pronoun he who has 

pleased me. 

This first person is used to denote the name 
of the speaker, but though this be its primary 
i^e, it may be made to express a number of 
persons figuratively associated with himself; as 
“We must fight” that is, I and others must 
associate in the act of fighting. 

^Tifi I is thus declined. 

Singular. Plural. 

Nom.' . . ^rtfSc ^rtsnn 

Acc. . . 

Loc. . . ^fsrtrs or sflirter 

Geni. . . ^riTTl? WtSTfai? 

* In many Asiatic languages the relative pronouns 
dispense with an antecedent; but both in Sungskrit and 
Bengalee, it is requisite that the pronoun (7% (he, she or it) 
be placed before the verb which completes the sentence, 
as a substitute for the antecedent; as "{ft* 

<?\ W?T qsrfajfftr ^ hterally “ who has 
pleased me he is my friend •” that is “ he who has pleased 
me is my friend.’* ^ 

(i. Pronouns are declined like nouns, and the accusative 



[ 47 ] 

By the vulgar ^ is Used for wtfsr “ I,» and 
is declined thus. 

Singular 
Nom. . , -sn?* 

Acc. . . 

Loc: . . cstfTS 

Geni. . . csrfu 

Thou, is thus declined. 

Singular 
Nom :, 

Acc: . . C5 

Loc: . . c^rsrir^ or os ]*rftr refatfetfre 

Geni: . . OSfsrt? C5fsrft*[? 

Instead of ^t$T also ^ “ thou” is used, 
when contempt is meant to be expressed to¬ 
wards the person spoken tp. It is thus declined. 
Nom. . . 

<JO 

Acc. . . &c. in the other cases like vr|\ 

case of a pronoun appears to be that from which the rest are 
formed; but in the nominative case of the first and second 
person plural there is an omission of “51 j ; as ^Tf5T?t, v:e } 

Ajf ■ 1 

c^stwi y e; iaslead of wtsrtiri a™ 1 


Plural 

C5THTI 


Plural 

csrtjl 

artfetf 

csfftftvre 

csrtora 


[ 48 ] 

a\ he, she, or it, is used instead of the name or 


designation of a person or thing considered 
as distantly absent and already named or de* 

signaled ; and is thus declined. 


Singular 

Plural 

Nom. . . CH* 


Acc. . . 


Loc. . . or i3f<i!T 


Geni. . . 



When the third person is mentioned respect¬ 
fully fsfir or f5X is used for <?f in the nomi- 

* The word (Tf is often added in Bengalee to the noun 
and serves somewhat like the article “ the ” in English, to 
indicate the particular subject of communication; as 
what has become of that chair ? or 
what has become of the chair ? ^ 

f am seeing that man; i, e, I am seeing the man who has 
already been known to me and to yourself. 

f From due attention to what I observed in Page 22, 
the student will see the propriety of omitting the symbol 
C<F i 11 th® accusative form of a pronoun signifying such 
objects as are destitute of animal and vegetable life ; as, 
^trrir* S ive me that (thing) instead of 





[ 49 ] 


native form and in the other cases a nasal ac¬ 
cent is placed over the first syllable ; as 


&c. 


^ “ this/ is used for a third person or thing 
considered as present to the speaker.. It is de¬ 
clined thus. 

Singular 

Nom. . . ^ this 

Acc. . . this or to this. 

In the other cases, it is declined like <?r ; that 
is, the other cases are formed from the accusa¬ 
tive ; such as in this ; of this ; 

these. 

When the third person present is mentioned 
with respect, is used for A in the nomina- 

* In all the oblique cases, jq and \3 are used as substantives 
such as 0 \<3 g ive to tliis ( man ) : ?TtlT 

these (men) go ; Tfl tllose ( meft ) are S oin £ : 

But in the nominative form, and are chiefly used like 

adjective Pronouns; as vfj 

this man has read Grammar,; jg ^TjJlfJCdF ^ ve this 
man ; \Q TCjfas ^1 that man d ^ es not know 

Grammar. 


M 




C 50 ] 

tire, and in the other cases; the first syllable 
has the nasal sound ; as &c. 

nq “that” is used for a third person or 
thins: considered as at a short distance from 
the speaker* and is declined like <4 ; as Nom. ^3 
Acc. &c. When respect is conveyed 

to the person spoken of* is used for nq *• as 
Nom. ^far* Acc. € 3 ^.* 

When the subject spoken of* is indicated by 
a clause of a sentence* the word or “ who or 
which ” is used to give such clause a nominal 
sense; as* Ox C5l‘3Tfc3F he who has 

beaten thee : c$l here meaning person in general* 
is limited by the follow ing clause. In a respect¬ 
ful sense fifsr is used for or* which in the other 
cases is declined like or } as* whom or 

to whom : so &c. when respect is implied. 

* W hen *r] drops from the oblique cases in conversation, 
^ is changed into the original \q • as, (y^ gi ve to 

that (man) &c. So in K ” this or to this, and in 

the other oblique cases is changed into the original ^ when 
drops in conversation, as «ijr^ ^^3 give to this (man) 
Jffi: beat this (man) See. 

J f In conversation, the second syllable K ” in the 



[ 51 ] 


When an object of enquiry is indicated by g 
clause of a sentence expressed or understood, 
the word who, or ft what, gives such clause 
an interrogative as well as nominal sense, 
is used when the object of enquiry is a rational, 
and ft when it is an irrational being; as 

Who beat thee ? If the object 
of interrogation is time or place, or 

u when ” is used in the former case, and C&W 
* where 55 in the latter; as Tgis srltw, When wilt 
thqu go ? 1 Where art thou going ?. 

If the manner, in which an accident takes place, 
^ is questioned, C&S& “ how ” is generally used ; 
as, How is he ? ft* 

What art thou reading ? 

is declined like and 

are indeclinable, ft is thus declined. 

oblique cases of a pronoun is often omitted, as 
instead of trim or to him; tor this 

or to this for that or to that; for 

he whom or he to whom ; whom or to whom, 

4 Here ft is the accusative connected with the verb 


c< to read.’ 







[ 52 ] 


Nom. . . 

Acc. . * 

Loc. . . t^T or 

Geni. . . 

ending in ^ stands for f#, or 

t$tt- It is indeclinable and invariably used as 
an adjective; as OSfSTte^ 

Who did strike tbee ? Or literally. What person 
did strike thee ? %SN51j What book 

art thou reading ? srtfSrc^r, What 

day will he come ? To what 

place art thou going ? 

a any 5 ’ ending in ^ Or ^ applied to nouns, 
expresses indefiniteness as to the individual of 
the class of objects named by such nouns; as 
STC5 wtflpf Is there any person in the 
house ? c&fo Is there any book 

in the house ? 

C3?^3 or u any one 55 is used for a person, 
when the individual is indefinitely mentioned ; 
as c^3 >Q ftR *Ffc^r, Is there any person in that 
place ? or when repeated, implies in¬ 
dividuals indefinitely without conveying inter- 





C 53 ] 

rogation, as C3?t£^T1 oartCTl some Brahmuns, 
?t3fl some kings. 

3*1^ own, is always prefixed to a noun 
which, as such, is peculiarly related to the noun 
or pronoun that precedes it; as <?T 
■>STt^-*r^ *ffl% he loves his own son very 
much ; G ?1^iT he forsook 

his own kingdom, 

self, is added to the pronouns 
C*\, V3, Gl and C3F, to give to them a 
particular emphasis ; as ^sxlfrr I myself; 

^fk SxTMfir thou thyself; Gt he himself; 

'G that (man) himself &c. 

is used for the second person when 
respect is meant. In this case it requires., a 
verb in the third person; as ^rt^ff^T 

equivalent to the phrase. Pray, Sir, 
where are you going ? and is declined like other 
pronouns ; as Nom. Sing. ^srMt^r, Acc. 

Loc. Gen. Plu. 

- .C ‘ '' ' ' ~~ " " 

♦ Tlie use of the Locative plural of nouns and pronainis 
is rare, in practice: Tlie Genitive case plural joined with 
an appropriate preposition is used to convey the meaning ; as 

rfs &c * 


N 







Chafteu V. 


DIVISION OF ATmiBUfIVES* 

Of Adjectives . 

Such attributives as express the properties 
or circumstances of nouns, without relation to 
time, are called adjectives ; as 

good, bad &c. 

Hence adjectives are prefixed to nouns, th8 
property or circumstances of which they ex¬ 
press, and these nouns are either expressed, as 
'sr^r^T a great man, ^?C a small house, 
or understood, as *T3rftr <F?T honor a 

superior (person.) 

When nouns are expressed, the adjectives 
that join them admit no variation of case, num¬ 
ber, or gender; as Zl ^^131 superior men > 
3 T to the elder daughter ; except those 

Sungskrit adjectives that are used in Bengalee, 
which frequently admit of the variation of 


* See p. 17 . 




[ 55 ] 

gender; as csfTii to the eldest daughter > 

08J$ ^Z^ to the eldest son. 

But when nouns are understood and not 
expressed, adjectives whether of Sur-gskrit 
origin or not, are declined like nouns, according 
to the rules applicable to substantives ; as Zs? 
“ great ” or " large 75 implying here a great one 
or the great one, is thus declined. 



Singular. 

Plural. 

Nom. . 



Acc. . 

t ZJC& 


Loc. f 



Geni. . 


*T?OT 

a 

Sungskrit adjective, "small ” or " little * 

implying here a little one 

or tho iittl'i on',. 


Singular. 

Plural 

Nom. . 

• 


Acc. . 


wcfirc^t 

SI 

Loc. . 

. WiK or 



(kv. ^ ^ 


Geni. . 


e.' ,J 

* In Bengalee adjectives, ^ 

is omitted in the 

Juocative 

case singular and in 

of the Genitive as 


for and for ZZTS* distinction 

if. not allowed in Sungskrit adjectives. 






■' -.A 

[ 56 J 

Adjectives both Bengalee, and Sungskrit 
used in Bengalee, equally admit after them or 
after their substantives when expressed T>1, 

SJ5TI, sjpR, or in the same sense 
and the same way as substantives do ; as 
C*P3 give the large one &c. W\^\T>\Z<$ 

give the large horse. For particulars the 
student may refer to Page 42. 

Many Sungskrit adjectives used in Bengalee 
are formed from Sungskrit substantives or ad¬ 
jectives; as 5Ttt%% pious, from piety; 
monthly, from Wtn a month ; vgafcft wise, from vStn 
wisdom, poor, from the negative fn?^and 

5R wealth; uncivil, from ^ the nega¬ 
tive and civil. From their application, 

and from a reference to their meaning given 
in English and Sungskrit Dictionaries, a student 
may know to what part of speech these words 
belong, and from what substantives or adjectives 
they are derived, though he will find himself 

* The negative ^ is changed into w un ” when 

prefixed to a word that begyis with a vowel; as 
kind. unkind. 




C 57 ] 

unable to trace their exact formation without 
studying Sungskrit. 

To form a notion of compound adjectives, 

I refer the student to the rules for com¬ 
pound nouns from Page 38 to 41 ; especially 
to the latter part, treating of Sungskrit com¬ 
pounds. 

The following and similar compounds are 
generally used in Bengalee: formed of 

friend and less, i. e. friendless ; ZWkpfl 
of wsf piety and act, i. e. act of piety; 

°i* knowledge and without, i. e. 
ignorant; of water and plenty, 

i. e. a country where there is plenty of water; 
srsTfa of z with and life, i. e. alive; 

7f|l33 of all and knower; i. e. all 

wise ; of wl assembly and ^ situated, 

i. e. member of an assembly; of 

after (preposition) and sps going, i, e. 
follower ; of prosperity and 

* A word ending in ^ ■$£ or one of the first four 

letters of each of the five classes or having ^ ^ or 
in the last but one, has the affix K w changed into 


o 



[ 58 ] 


TiU an affix implying possession, i. e. pro¬ 
sperous ; of intellect and the 

same as ztT, i- e. intelligent. 

When Sungskrit adjectives are used, the 
Sungskrit terminations ^ and express 
the degrees of comparison. The termina¬ 
tion wg expresses that the attributive exists 
in a greater degree in the noun to which 
the adjective is attached than in another 
noun which is the subject of comparison; as 
*171 ?1"5T Ram is more learned 

than Shvam ; \ 5 *s i indicates that the attributive 
exists in a more intense degree in the noun 
to which it is attached than in a plurality 
of objects which are the subjects of com¬ 
parison, as 'S -"TltST 

compared with Ram and Shy am, Huri is the 
wisest of the three. 

when applied to a male object, as ^tsT73"t*T 
and into to a female; as and the rest have 

-Vtia^or -sr^, a» intelligent (man) 

an intelligent (woman.) 




[ 59 1 

ff 

It may be remarked that the Sungskrit and 
Bengalee idiom, in this instance, differs remark¬ 
ably from the English, which does not require 
Huri to be included in the first instance with 
the two persons who are compared with him. 

The common mode, however, of expressing 
the degrees of quality is by prefixing wl% 
“ very ” and or “most ” to an adjec¬ 
tive : as he is very learned ; 

WSJ'X Safaris most or eminently learned. 

ft ^ 

" Bengalee adjectives have no distinction of 
gender, as I observed before. But those that 
are borrowed of Sungskrit, admit of this 
distinction, and are used as they are found 
in Sungskrit; as excellent, excellent 

(woman);* handsome, handsome 

(woman.) 

When the circumstance attributed by an 
adjective is considered independently of its at¬ 
tachment to any subject, the name of that cir- 

* Such as ending whit a few exception#, are made 
feminine by changing *T into s§g ; as iffa" taU 
a tall (woman.) 






[ GO ] 


mini stance is called an Abstract No an ; as 
littleness, composed of little and ^ri an affix, 

<K^ 

which being a substitute for “ ness ” implies 
abstraction. In slowness from ifl<r slow, and 
in many other instances, change in form i ndicates 
abstraction. As these and other abstract 
nouns are formed from adjectives according to 
rules laid down in Sungskrit Grammars, and 
are only thence adopted into the Bengalee 
language, their formation may be minutely 
ascertained from the study of Sungskrit.* 

^ * In referring to Dr. Wilson’s Sungskrit Dictionary, wliile 

correcting this proof, I find that the derivation of almost 
all the Sungskrit adjectives in common use among the 
Bengalese, given by me as examples in Pages 56 and 57, 
is fully explained in that work. I therefore confidently 
recommend to students to refer to the pages of that useful 
Dictionary, when they may wish to ascertain the derivation 
and the application of any word of Sungskrit origin. ^ 





Chapter VI. 


Of verbs. 


f>*rft§pF fki'H'z* i. 

Verbs (or srt-atffRra? have already oeeu 
defined to be those words which express the 
attributes (or accidents) of nouns with absolute 
relation to time ; as u TTtflT^fst” I did beat. 

Attributes (or accidents) with relation to 
time having been considered as of two kinds, 
verbs are divided accordingly into twp classy. 
Transitive and Intransitive 

A transitive verb is one which expresses an 
accident as passing, though sometimes figura- 
tivel^, from a subject Agent or ?^8i).to an 
object (^T ); as , t%far he beat ^ 

/<f ^T+Cacrt^Ur/c*’. * 4 * 

Ram; C^f that 

great hero frightened even the ocean. 

An intransitive verb expresses the accident 
as existing in the subject of discourse ; as 
^pr^rftg^ Ram has sat down. 


p 


[ 62 ] 

A. transitive verb may be used, in two ways, 
one in the active sense JtFJ/and the other 
in the passive ^ TfrJ. is called active, 
when the agent is considered as thp principal 
subject of discourse, as 3 fa Ram beat, 

and passive, when the, object is principally 

food 


considered, as ^rt^irg CK^ 

has been given to the poor. 

Of Mores, 

The verb, as expressing accident connected 
with time, implies relation to a subject, which 
may be either positive, conditional, or desi- 
derative, designated respectjvply^ the Indica- 

ySZ&L:- 

tive, (or W3TStf3*l) as srtfsr tfw&WyML beating, 
the Subjunctive, (or^°OTtifa) as ^rfirJlUfsT 
Jf I beat, or the Imperative Mode, (or fat^faijas 
?Tt3 ^fjTSo thou beat. The last includes those 
modes in other languages called by Grammarians 
Optative, Frecative &c. 

Of Tenses. 

<DT?T3*fa- 

The various relations of time, as present, 
past, or future, to the accident expressed by a 


L 63 ] 


verb, are called Tenses; and are denoted 
by certain inflections; as wtflrsdftt I do 
beat, stffsr Trtf^Tl^ I did beat, srtf* irtfsc* I 
shall beat. 


Of Conjugation. 
5fl3 


The inflections of a verb to express the dif¬ 
ference of Modes and Tenses constitute its con¬ 
jugation, which is of one kind in Bengalee verbs. 
These inflections (or f^'%) may be considered 
as formed from the verbal noun ending in the letter 


“ «i 55 which denotes the attribute, (as for example 



in which it may be observed, that terminations 
expressive of person are modified according as 
the pronoun prefixed is the first, second, or third. 


It ought to be observed in this place. 


that there is no modification of termination 
in Bengalee verbs expressive of number, (or 



Z&ifr) as * srlfl ” I or we beat, according as the 
pronoun “ I ” pr,“ we,” is expressed oi; ,un- 
derstood ; “ TTtft 1 beat, * Vtfs ” we 


I 64 


beat. This is the case with mu sucona a no 
third Person ; as ^fsr 1 ? fTtl- ” thou beatest, 

' tf5tsr?Ti “^1? ?? ye beat; he beats, 

^)1^t<ri u -srtr?:^” they beat. Nor is there in 
Bengalee verbs any modification of tenmnatiqn, 

-' / £^rrs£a , 

expressive of Gender (or f%3f); as (M f# ? 
what has become of him, or of her ? This cir¬ 
cumstance tends greatly to facilitate the acquisi¬ 
tion of the language. 

Verbal nouns, from which different parts ot 
Bengalee verbs are formed, may be divided into 
three classes, ending m <33»r, fir or •wix re-, 
speclively. Vv flic the two first lose the filial 
syllable or tp form the Root, 

before inflection, throughout all the tenses and 
modes, thedhird loses, only the final ^r. In their 
stead affix ^ as a mark of the first person pre¬ 
sent of the Indicative and Subjunctive inodes; 
as “till?” I li eat from “ Hl?^?(to beat) a 
verbal noun ending in 41^” I eat from 

eat) ending in ’crffvt' I walk 

n \ i* ‘ — np-j 

froth OSTi^ (to walk) e no nig m >ZETl^r. ihe se¬ 
cond person present is formed by substituting 
in verbs of the first class. 


a- 


[ 65 ) 

&nd 'Q in those o£^he second and dtn$j^as JrftT 
thou beatest; thou eatest; thou 

walkest. For the third person present cfsr is 
used m the first class, and ^ only in the others, 
after rejecting the/ final Spf, &£f, or 'srtw; as, 
TTtr^he beats, -art^he^eats; he waj^ 

In the past tense l^r,* and ^tfp^are 

joined to the root, indicating the first, second, 
fma third persons j. „as, ^rlf^tsr I did beat, 

vTftT I did eaf, OTl^rfer I did walk, &c. So r 

■*£*/ ^ 

and VWthe future tense [ as jrfftra 1 

I will beat, ■uTt^a: I will eat, f<CTl*t<r I will 

walk &c. , . yc j_* 

, ,sC''C£.. t 

In like manner add ^sW, t^g, and to the 
Root, in the past tense of the subjunctive Mode ; 
as, ■STtfe^/and for the first* 

second, and third persons. 

* The natives of the eastern part of Bengal frequently, 

4 t ^ ^ t ~t£ 

and poets sometimes, use instead of in the past 

tense second person,, and instead of in the^, 

future, as for tnou didst beat, they say TTtf^Tl y 

fgJTttlCC^ thou wilt beat, they use J n poetry 

^*Tl also is, some times, but rarely, used for ^cjj^in the 
past tense third person, when respect is intended. 


Q 






To form the Imperative Mode, <«r or ^ is 
affixed to the root of the yerbs of the first class 
ip the second person present, as ‘srft, ?rt?^ beat 

0 

thou, and 'Q to that ofihe verbs of the second 
and third classes ; as eat thou, walk 

thou. 

So in the third person, without distinction 
of any class; as "STt? 5 ^ let him beat.; 4ft w let 
him eat; let him walk; and i 


I ip the se¬ 
cond person of the Imperative future; as ■STlf^ST 
beat thou in futpre ; so 
By affixing the Infinitive Mo demand prer 
sent participle are formed, as TpffgFS to beat or 
beating, to eat or eating, to 

walk or walking ,&c ,; by the past , par- 
ticiple, as yrjf^ft having beaten, «at1^rf hay-, 
ing eaten, cSTi^l having walked, gcc.; by 


having walk 

the conditional participle, as TTifes# if beating. 

^5T) beipg added to the root of the verbs of the 
first class, and \g^ri to that of the verbs of the 
second^ implies the passive participle or mere 
accident ;-j* as ‘ST® beaten or the act of beating; 

* On this subject the reader is further referred to the 
Chapter on Participles. 

•J- Intransitive verbs will have this form, signifying ac- 
cident only, as -^Tpj the act of sitting down. 



t 67 ]. 


eaten or the act of eating. In tlie latter 
sense it is used* as a Gerund ; as ¥rt<ri beating, 
Xf?Tt? of* beating, in beating. 

Verbs of the third class have no such form of 
Gerund ; but they admit pr ^51 in the form of 
their^verbal nouns in the same sense ; as 
or cjvB^rl to walk or the act of walking. 

i^<rt affixed to the root of any verb^gives it 
the meaning of a Gerund : as beating, 

of beaming, 5Tlf^t^ in beating; so 
bating, walking &c. 

Verbal nouns also are used as Gerunds, as 
■srtif^ beating, of beating, ■srfjrccj iri 

beating: So for the sake of dis- 

tinction, we may call those that end in^Ti or 
the first Gerund, those ending in Ti> the 
Second, and such as end in <5FQ W, or the 
third Gerund. 

Variations of termination in these three 
classes are so few, that the introduction of more 
than one conjugation for Bengalee verbs would, 
I think, be unnecessary. 

From a due attention to the above Rules, 
the reader will perceive that the first person 


[ ©8 ) 


present of the Indicative Mode is that form 5 
from which the rest are varied; the second and 
third persons of the same tense, the Imperative 
present, and the passive participle only ex¬ 
cepted. ^ Therefore fro^^a^kiiov\^dge of its 
form as “TTtfs” I beat, I eat, I walky 

(whiclra Bengalee Dictionary ought to supply) 
he will be able to conjugate the remainder with 
much facility.- 

Verbal nouns of the first class are rendered 

causal, by putting before the final srj as from 

to do is made ^rt«i to "cause to do. 

Those * of the, second class regrnre > Srj before 

;r : as from is formed ■atl'Qsrnir to cause 

< s 

to eat. But those of the third class ad-^ 
mit no Causal aense.-f 


Here is substituted for ^ merely in conformity 


with the rules of Sunskrit orthography. 

j Where a verb of the first or second class is changed! 
by admitting the above mentioned or verbal 

noun, this addition expresses that the noun, which w as the 


nominative to the verb, is no longer the subject of discourse, 
though admitted to be the agent of the same accident, 
under the causative influence of another noun then consider¬ 
ed as the subject of discourse. Hence the latter noun is 



[ 


69 ] 


Causal verbs end in and are accordingly 

conjugated after the form of those of the third 
class, throughout all the Modes, as I 

cause to do, thou causes! to do, 

he causes to do, &c. 

Verbs of the third class and causal verbs admit 
nd Gerund of the first form, ending in ^j or 
but they have Gerunds of ^e^e^nd^^thjrd^ 
descriptions- as 

CC^r or Uju, : 7Fj\f?C\, 

it^rtre; or **tsr. 


To illustrate the foregoing rules, the folio wing 
example is .given in the Conjugation of the 
verb “?rff?r” of the first Class. 

placed as the nominative to the verb thus varied, wjiich is 

4r 3j4^- r V 

therefore, called a causal verb ; as for example, “ f%f5[ 5fgf 
he reads the holy book, the verb^^d 
in this sentence becomes causal thus, “v 5 jjf§[ ^^£3? spjf 
' I cause him to read the holy book. Her® 

the third person, (he) which was the nominative to the verb 
rea ds) in the former sentence, is superseded in 
the latter by the Pronoun K I ” as the nominative to the 


causal verb, n cause him to read). 


R 



L 70 ] 

The Indicative Mode in the Bengalee lan¬ 
guage has three simple tenses, (present, past, 
and future) independent of any compound tense 
formed by a participle with an auxiliary verb. 
Indicative Mode 
Present Tense 

, r Singular or Plural Number. 

1 ^rtfir or 'srlft* I or we beat 

2 or TTi? thou bSatest or ye beat 

3 or €l^t<n "STfe?^ he beats or they beat. 

Past tense. 

Singular or plural Number. 

1 ^rtfsi or ^nirsi irjfjr«^ + 1 or we did beat 

2 ^fsr or c^'i'RsIiiTisc 5 ! lliou didstbeatoryedid 
beat 

3 f%f3r.or£'i^i?1 be or they did beat. 


* This form of the present tense in Bengalee and in 
many other languages, sometimes, describes an accident that 
happens u sua 


«rtf 


without cci frirg it to a particular tinie, as 
1 ' ltf, 4 in hie ncrnii g ; that is, 1 


have been and am now in the habit of reading in the 


-J- It is to he observed, that in conversation most frequent* 
ly, “ $*■ ” in the second or third syllable of an inflected 




[ 71 ] 

Future tense. 

Singular or Plural Number. 

1 ^Itsr or I or we will beat 

■2 =5Rr or C^tsr^l 'Sttfj'C^^thou wilt or ye will beat 
3 fsRroryt^tSI’srffgc^ he or they will beat. 

verb and in the third syllable of a causal verb, as originally 

indicating the first person of the present tense, is scarcely 

pronounced, in the other parts of the verb, as instead of 

Marilam, they pronounce Mariam ; for 

^Ttf^ Maribu, Marbu; for "SrfffpS mario, maro 

or mero; for Marite, marte; for 

marile, marie; for "5Ftj%2Tj mariya, marya; for 

mariba, marba. So instead of shooilam, they 

pronounce shoolatn ; for shooite, shoote ; for 

shooile, slioole; for 'shooiya, shooya. Here and in 

like instances,^ has rather a double sound after a vowel. 
^ si-r 

When ^ is dropped, its preceding j is vulgarlyjcha^d 

into v\ in conversation, as instead of 

ce in the Present definite and the preter Imperfect, 

which will hereafter be describe^, is, sometimes, 
pronunciation, changed into V and joined with “fgr or 


” when thej^ - of the second or third syllable is not 
sounded, as for ^fjrsfeO^ritechhi,) kurchchhi; for 
jaitechhi, jaclichhi; and for ^f|[r3ife«lt>r 





[ 72 ] 

Subjunctive Mode # 

Present Tense 
Singular or Plural Number 

1 or 'SttWl 'STifl t if I or vve beat 

2 JilK/sfst or reOOTI Vt T° if thou or. ye beat 

3 ^ fMk or if he or they beat. 

kuritechhiiam* kurchchhilam ; for jaitechliilam, 

jachchhilam. Bjit nothing, can justify such corruption. 

* The subjunctive Mode requires*, for the completion 
of the sentence in which it is found* another verb. 

The former implying a supposition and ^accompanied 
by a hypothetical particle, such as -sshsif*- 
and the latter its consequence or resulting accident* whg^, 
ther affirmative^or jegtive; as ^ 7 

tf the Sun rise* there will be 

no darkness. 

+ The present tense of thf Indicative MpojlJs ; the same 
as that of the Indicative* with the particle ^. ” prefixed 

to it; but the verb* which completes the sense in the present 
tense of the Subjunctive Mode* is commonly found in the 
future tense of tbe^l^icative, aild ^Jfer^y , preceded^_^ 
by the adveA. « t5T3C» then! as 

wlfst *5rtf^: if tfgubeat, then 1 sha11 beat. * 

- The particle ^fn: ” }h. is some times understood ; a* 


’5Ctf^T3i should thou beat* * I shall beat : 




.• ..C 3i ] 


Past tense. 

Singular or Plural Number. 

1 ^rfn: wtfsr or ^r1rr?1 If I or we had 

beaten. 

2 or C^ntl jrffzus, If thou hadst 
beaten or if ye had beate,n. 

3 srffC t%Pr or * *5d^^^"If he or they had 
beaten. 

The Subjunctive Mode has no future tense; 
since the present tense conveys futurity condi¬ 
tionally. The past tense of the subjunctive 
Mode is often used to express the frequency 
of an accident in the past time; and in this 
case, it requires no other verb to complete 

the sense and stands for the Indicative Mode ; 

- . — 

and in this case the word cc n is oft|n^refixed to 

the latter verb, as indicating the partide (C 2lf?[ ” whicl> is 
Jit?**' * - 

not here expressed; as TTtf|[^C should 

thou beat, then I shall beat. 

* The second verb,^which completes the sense, ,is used in * 

• %br.+*. f£e 

the same form; as «jfsr 'Srtt?^, ^TffST 

C^lTTl^ ^ t} iou hadst beaten me, I woidd hare 

beaten thee. 


s 




as, ^tfsr <fT3f RfmraI used to study 
in the Royal College, 

Imperative Mode, 

Present Tense . 

Singular or Plural Number. 

2 Person. i$fk or 03tJT3i "Stl?, or Beat thou, 
or beat 

3 Person. or 'srl^r. Let him or them 

beat, 

^ , Future tense. - 

2 Person. ^fk or C5\^J\ , srtf^> # Beat thou or 
beat ye in future time. 

Supine, or what English Grammarians call 
^t ^e Lenitive Mode, 
to beat.f 

Present Participle 
^Tif?re beating 4 

•* k co^vejs|tioa is generally contracted to 

C5T‘C?n* So *^1^3/ ^1v3 an< * others that have, in like 
manner, the vav^Jjgrj in the first syllable, are generally 
coht racted lo V4P3 ♦ '&6e' 

+ As, I have come 

to beat him f JZ]f$Cp cW^allow me to beat . 

; As, unfvjc? ^rifsr e'twra 

I saw him beating his own son. 






[ 75 ] 


' Past Participle, 

having beaten.* 

Conditional participle. 

5Ttf?TC«T if b thou, or he, be beating.f 
Passive Participle. 

srt?Ti beaten]: 

5?t?fl is also used as a Gerund ; as irt?1 beating, 
5Tt?H of beating, irfflra in beating§ 

^4- s a£S£“" d - 

■srp:^ striking, ypTt? of striking, 




laving beaten 


* As cstsrft^ irtfijra 

thee, he is going away. 

*f This is applicable to both past and future tenser 
aipl each k, distinguished, by the fterbfhat follows it, as 

c't 'srtwr, ^srrfsr . srrfirstg. if lie w ?s b g ; H> 

X rnouU have beaten him, & TSflfiRSf, ' ^ffst N5t^lr^ 
STjf^ if he be beating, I sha^ beat him. 

| As, (7f "5lt?Tj he will be beaten; Intransi¬ 

tive verbs have of course no passive participles ; but they 

have Gerunds of the same form; as raft.to walk from 
' .<***% J ' ¥ * ^^44i 

^Fj%” I walk ; of walking; ip walking. 

. *’ 

§ As, tffoRTOT v 3 TTt^j 

beat even a servant, <T*T‘SCt^i 


striking is (justified) in return for striking; $T*fJ£<is 
dm; there 16 much ham Jn striking 

other#. 








L 76 ] 


in striking. 




•^\j<\ striking, *tftc«T3of striking, *srt?C«l orUf&W^ 
in striking. 

«* ^/j " 

The auxiliary verb “ ^rtf^ * I am, is defec¬ 
tive, being formed only in the present and past 
tenses of the Indicative Mode. 


Indicative Mode. 


Present Tense . 

1 or ’artsrjl WfiLl am or we are. 

2 5^f5T or C5tsr?1 SrMJ^ou art or ye are. 

3 f%fvf or ^Ttfet he is or they are. . 


Past tense 


1 or ^rrn>: or f^sTtsr* I was or we 

were ’ -*Z&L 


2 qgfSt or cstWl ’attfeiFt or fe?r thou wast or 

y e were - & */zx~ 


3 t%fir or SrifesR or Icc^R he was or 

they were. 


* In tlie past tense the initial vowel ^sfj is always 
omitted ; but in poetry it is often preserved. 






I ^ 

The present participle as “ ^rtf?F5 ” “ 3*f?K3i ” 
&p. .and the past participle as “ 'srtf|in 7> 
“ ” &c,. are compounded with the auxiliary 

verb “ ^itfe 5? I am, after the initial vowel ^rl 
being dropped from the verb, to express 
some particulars pf^agpjdent with regard 
to time; as “” I am beating^.com- 


beatin ^ and 

“ ^^as beatil i§^£^l^l^ ” 

beating, and “ fir^fsr ” I was; “ 5 ^I am ^ 

having beaten or I ^ hayj^ beaten, <pf “ 'STt'^p 
having beaten, and “” am; 

I ^was having beaten or I A ^had^,. r bpaten, of 
“ Trtf^Tj ” having beaten, and “ 1%yTfsr 55 I was. 

These four compounds are used as tenses of 
the Indicative Mode, in addition to the three 
simple tenses already given; and.they are con¬ 
jugated as follow. 

Of Compound Verbs. 

Indicative Mode. 

First “ xrlfirret% ” presenf tense definite, 
composed of and 1%, expressing that 

the accident is already commenced but not yet 
completed. 

T 


* /hsU&g 

1 I am or we are beating. 

2 thou art or ^e are beating. 

3 'STtf^radbt he is or they are beating. 

^ f * ^ > 4C, ^7 r 1^ - 

J^he.^second “ 55 composed of 

“ ■srtfgffS,” and “ ffipTW ” which may be 
designated as Preter-Imperfect, speaking of 
an accident in past time, which either remained 
unfinished or of which the completion is not 
expressed. 

1 I was or we were beating. 

2 ^if^r^ttSMthou wast or ye were beating. 

3 he was or they were beating. 


The third “ irtfetlfe 55 composed of “ STtf^rj ” 
and “ ps£ ” which is called Preter-Perfect, 
implying an accident in past time, not inter¬ 
rupted nor annulled by another accident up 
to the time present. 

1 TTtl^rffe I or we have beaten. 


2 hast or ye have beaten. 

3 ‘5rf§5t^X he has or they have beaten. 


composed of 
lay be termed 
Preter-Pluperfect, speaking of the completion 


The fourth 

“ "STtfliri? and “ f^yjtsr,” which may be termed 



[ 79 ] 

of an accident in past time supposed to have 
been followed by another accident at a certain 
time past 

1 WC k 6 ^ 11 ' 

2 thou hadst or ye had beaten, 

3 Trtt^lfi^R he or they had beaten. 

By attention to the illustrations already 
given of the use of participles with the auxi* 
liary verb, the student will be able to join them or 
the infinitive Mode with verbs of different roots, 
when their sense admits such coalition; as 
“ 55 having beaten, with “ w I throw, 

implying “ having beaten, I throw him 75 that is, 

I .kilHiini j/h^ving always an active^ serperjf So 
“ jyant to beat of “ Wtfto 

beat, with I want; “ I can 

beat, of “ ” to beat, and l can ; 

w *rtf?T5 *ffpt ” I begin to beat, of ^°" 

beat, and I begin; sttft” of 


^ * Such verbs as Oof?{ I throw (it) having heard, 

t throw (him) having informed, are not 

admitted. 

-j- This phrase is generally used by the vulgar. 





[ 80 ] 

* * 

“ 'Sttfli'^rt ” having beaten, and “ sttf% ” I exist, I 
stay, or I use; that is, “ I exist |aving beaten ” 
or I am used to,beat;* “I 
go to beat, of “ irtf 55 to beat, and ” I 
go : Many other instances may be introduced. 
We therefore stand in no need of unne¬ 
cessarily multiplying modes on every occasion 
of the junction of two accidents. 

Each of the three simple Tenses, sometimes, 
figuratively stands for one of the otlgrs, ac¬ 
cording as the context suggests ; as the 

past tense (meaning “ did come ”) /when it fol- 
lows the question has dinner 

come ? or any similar question, implies “it 
comes 55 in a present tense or “ it has come ” in 


* The present tense of the verb “ when com¬ 

pounded with the p^t^participle and preceded by the sub¬ 
junctive particle^ ’’ is rend^re^ the subjunctive Mode* • y 

as -jrfg ^ifsr stlfe «rlfst tvpftiri fgs 


jjaye taken money, I will return it. The particle 
“ ^rR,” expressed or understood, jmoduces this change in 
the original use of the verb “ ” in the Indicative 


Mode 


f tense and^not in tbe^ ^oj.he,p tenses ; as for 





--- 

a |3?1 ?? &c. conveys no sense. 




L 81 ] 

Jts 

the preter perfect. Again, cir 
in the present tense (as long as “ I stay ”) when 
it precedes such a phrase as “^jfsr stifles” 
(you will stay,) implies future time; that is, as. 
lppg as I sJiaU stay, you will stay. So “ 

” in the future tense (you will do 
this. Sir) is often used as a respectful form 
of address, for the present imperative mode, 
that is, do this. Sir. But the four compound 
tenses very seldom undergo these variations. 

It ought to be observed and duly attended 
to, that in addressing a second person of re- 
^sociability, the word self, or 

“ 5T^1'*fT 5 ’ greatly liberal person, which li¬ 
terally signifies a third person,, is generally 
used ; and consequently the verb governing is 


literally “himself”..or “the greatly liberal 
person” has done this, meaning “you have 
done this.” 

When contempt is meant to gbnveyed 

towards the person addressed, ” is sub- 

^ • 

stituted for “ ” thou, (as noticed at page 


U 



[ 82 ] 

47;) the verb corresponding, consequently, 
changes its inflections, by admitting f ^ f° v the 
last or '3 of the second , person in the pre- 

sent tense ^ such^s “ ” thou 

thou art ’ 


thou art^at^ 
for “ ” thou eatest, 

^ Of4itQ ” 


” tll0U 


for ^ C^^itQ ” thou showest. So the last 

or % of the second person present, and 

the last 4 of the second person past ,of 

-c V 

the subjunctive mode are, changed into ^T; 
*j£2£ ^ 

beat ; “ afsf VTtftf^ ” for “ ■sffc *rif?<75 
if thou hadst beaten. , 

In the past tense, ^ is substituted fortb|.last 

*'£Jn * 

-Urn- %a®S!ss&“ *KSs^J* ■ 

thou wast ; “ HtUrref ^ ” fo> ” 
tha^ast beating; “VTtffSimfa ” for /_ 

thou hadst beaten. As “'srttfsrts: ” 
(thojr hast beaten) is composed of thejoj^iciple 
“ having beaten, and “ ” thoq 

art, the auxiliary verb present, it admits ^ 
like the present tgnse, jn cgnveying ^c^itempt; 
as “ ” for “ vritf^P tliou hast 



[ 83 ] 


beaten. The change of 5 into ^ is observed 
in the. future tense also; as for 

“ TTmOra r jfchqji wilt beat. 

In the, imperative moclp presejit^ the last 
vowel is^c^ropped ^; for beat 

thou, “ -ati ” for <c t3 99 eat thou ; and in the 
imperative future is substituted, for the last 
vowel ; as “ srtfipr ” for “ *srtt^8." beat thou 
in future time. The perversion of the second 
personal pronoun and of its corresponding 
verbs is, generally, made by proud and unre¬ 
flecting masters, in addressing their servants; 
it is therefore not requisite that a gentleman, 
in studying Bengalee, should pay much atten¬ 


tion to.> the above forms. 

In speaking of a third person, if nq xe^jj ^g t,, 
is meant to be sbewn, the pronouns “ G\ 99 
he,, she, or it, “ 'G” that, “ 4 ” this, and 
a I” he or..-she whq, .©r .it which, imply¬ 
ing the third person, are invariably uspd, (as 
noticed, in pages 48—:50,) and the final (i ^ 99 is 
omitted in every corresponding verb in the 
third person, throughout all the tenses of the 

indicative and subjunctive modes ; and ^l, which 
* * & . 
precedes is changed into ^ m the past tenses 



C »4 ] 


simple or compound : as for the present tense, 

’ sit s d -.i»aa.” be be,,s ’ 

“ sriffestfS: ” for “ JrrflrK^^ije, is Beating 
For the. past and future. 


^rtfsrefk 5 ! ? fop 

^ vTgrafii: 5 ! ” 


Jid beat, 

f was beating, 

for^ 55 he had beaten, 

“ 'srttt^5 ” he would have beaten, “ 99 

for he will beat: Except the 

preter-perfect, which being, in fact, formed 

of a compound participle and the auxiliary 

y ?\— 

verb “ the j^en^ tense, rejects, ^ 

only; as “ PTtfSJftHa: ” for “he 
has beaten, 

m In the imperative 3 ? is substituted fo^^e^ast 
“ ^^of the third person ; as “ sriy^y ” for 

^■SCfiR*” let him beat. 

* •• 

5P is frequently used for the last Jr of the 
third P ers °n and^ o^th^past tense 

simple; as, “ Tdf?ra^or^“ jjlfjrew ” may be 

sSSSSI W; 

“■stifle or Jtlf^” for he did 

beat. 

A verb having a single consonant in its root, 
and verbs of two syllables ending in that is 


t 85 ] 

<3ropped before inflection, admit ^ in the place of 
•t in the third personprpsent, when no respect 
is implied; as “ I eat, has the third 

pmgpn in a disre sp ectful sense, for 

• V ? h^ eats ; * 7r\^” f I go, has ” for 

• ,goe^“.^|STif ” I shave, has 
for “ ^tsrhr” he shaves. 

S 

All the causal verbs, being composed of 
more than one syllabie, am included in the 


“tfWtTT” for C^^^he^shews, I 

cause to laugh, has “ for “ he 

causes to laugh, foe thjrd person present. But 


such verbs as “ TWlR ” L expkin, retaining 
5T in all the Modes, and “ I take care, 

having more than two syllables, in the verbal 
nQum^are included, in the general Rule; as 
“ ^ for “ 59 he ,ex plains, “ ” 

for u ’^he ^ takes care ;# ^ 

The use of “ c?f ” “ “ "3 ^ or c*I the third 

personal Pronouns, in speaking of a person 
or thing without'respect, is frequent in prac¬ 
tice, and consequently the above rules, shew¬ 
ing* the corresponding changes to which-verbs 


V 


[ 86 ] 


are subjected, require particular attrition. 

“ -snt ” used by the vulgar for w ” varies 
from it in the form only, but has the same 
changes in the terminations of its corresponding 


verbs that the principal pronoun ad- . , 

mits ; jls ^ oF^flfsr I beat ; -Sf^ pr ^ifir 
1[ did bcat,**if witt or 


shall beat. 


As # the verb to be, and the irregular 
verb “ irt'S^T ” to go, both of the second class, 
are-very frequently used in various senses, 
simply- and compouftdedly, it may be well to 


corrugate them at full length. 

to be, to become, to come into existence.^ 


Indicative Mode. 


Present Tense. 

4 ^ 

1 srtfsr or ^‘ am ’ or we are & c - 

2 ^f5r or C^rfsr^f 333 thou art or ye are &c. 

3 or He is or they are 8cc 


* The 




pharse “ SRL? H is wise, is an 


example of the first sense; “ ^r*j" 




^hpu^h&st become rather thin, of the second; and 

fast year the child came into existence. 


i. e. last year the child was bora, of the third. In fact in 





1 wffa or ^srtwl 

2 or c^tsr?i 

3 or 


[ 87 ] 

Past tense. 

I was or we were &c. 
wast or ye were &c. 
was or they were 

Future tense. 


1 or <5tfsi?ri y&tk, 1 or we will be See. 

2 or 05\^ ^C^thou wilt or ye will be Sec. 

3 f%f5[ or ^^Tie or they will be Sec*. 


the first sense it is very often, and in the second it is always, 
accompanied (as we find in other languages) with an adjec¬ 
tive or a participle active or passivg, P r substan¬ 
tives considere^as jge^; ” he is 

unintelligent, f/T 55 j s very passion¬ 
ate, ” h® shall •soon be killed, 

vST”^ 1 ^<r a^rse is an animal. It is ^so^accomp^pied^s 
wstlvan abstract substantive ip the* fiifst sense ; as “ 

SftT ” llis victory soon will^ey that is, his 

victory wiltsoon take'place. Tiie verb ”-.I am, very 

seldom^implies mere existence ; while the defective verb 
ic ” I am, is scarcely used in any of these senses, 

generally implying pre exi^^o^isbn^m^f^nce^ 
to location, as u V$ 

existing (i. e. is he alive) or is he $ead • 

” God is for ever ; ^TC<[ he at, 

home? 








[ 88 ] 

Subjunctive Mode. 


Presen^ Tense. 

1 glwTsrifR or vsrtsnri if I or we be &c. 

2 ^rftf ^fsi or c$1WI if thou or ye be &c. 

a sR fsft or ^t<n if he or they be &c. 

y Past tepa^e^ 

•*£+**<- cm, 

J nR wifsr or ^rtSTin if I or we had 

bg^n &c. 

2 Vi5(' ^rfsr or reliTTH if thou hadst or ye 

M been & c . 

3 ^ fsfk or ^t?n if he or they had 

been &c. 

Imperative Mode, 

• , > a 

Present Tense , 

2 Person be thou or be ye &c. 

3 Person *fCrlet him or them^be &c. 

rrirfj : if I am thy father, thou must respect me : 

jdy /vii <1. 

tiR *0 ’raw kw *rtfs: <rv <5r.^.w5 

if a son come to existence (i. e. if a son be born) I shall 
rejoice much. 


•j- In this past tense, the verb s . “ 3 ^ » some times im- 

stir JPr-t 

* - plies mere e^s^ence in reference to location, as xrtfr ' 5111 % 

(? r F 0 P/ rl , 


^ ,=>2R3rtfk cwfcr' 

f§Rf ^1 ^TB^t *t1^C^T Jfl ^ J there 9 

) would not have experienced such distress. 






[ 89 ] 

Future tense. 

^3 let him or them be in future* 

Infinitive Mode or Present Participle. 
^£5 to be, or being. 


Past Participle. 
37BT1 having been. 


“^5 


Conditional Participle. 
hou, or he 

Gerund being, of being, 3 % 

r &- 


if I, thou, or he be. 


in being. 

Second Gerund. 

3X31 being, 3X^13 of being, 3 X 3 tC 3 in 
being. 

Third Gerund. 

being, ^3R 3 of being, ^Qz^US in 

being. 

^ .^nowledge of the present participle 
,being, and of the past participle 
having been, will enable the student to 


W 




[ 90 ] 


form, easi^dhe four ixgujaf compound. tei 
as &C, 

&c. &c., as from the ex 


&c. 


iyr '' * 

7 “cstsrfc* 


given of the appji^ation of the verb I am 

and verb I am, in note* p. 85, the 

reader will perceive that these two are most 
frequently used in different senses, and conse¬ 
quently there can be no impropriety in com¬ 
pounding one withthp otjjer.^ ^ 

„ Jn the phrases “nfiitaH&h) 

*1 %rs ft ^5 sjuch adjec- 

* *&«£*+* ' 
lives as incumbent, 3’’ proper, 

are understood before the verb, agreeing with 

the infinitive mpde, in the third person, as 

^ itis,incumj?ent upon 

me to go ; C<5t5Tfc5 (tfFS) ^ ll 18 P r0 P er 

for .you to receive. 

is principally adopted as a term of affirm¬ 
ation or assent and is sometimes used in that 
sense with the verb implied and not ex¬ 
pressed, but in the present tense o^ly. jpaJ^in 
tbissgps^ admits of inflection, yes 

ten, yes thou art, yes he is, 


t 91 ] 

to go, to pass or to be.^ 
Indicative Mode. 


Present Tense t 

1 ^rtfsr or srTsrai I or we go. 

2 ^fsr or ^Tt<3 thou goest or ye go. 

3 or sfaThe goes or they go. 

In the past tense of the Indicative, as well 
as m the conditional participle, i s changed 
into and in the past participle int(Tf5r y 
But in the latter, if not compounded, this 
change, though admissible, is not necessary, 
asf^rTor 

Past Tense. 

Jf 

1 ^ffst or ol^st I or we went. 

2 ^fsr or csm^t «K*L thou or ye went, 

3 f%fg or Ctfzm he or they went. 

Future Tense. 

1 <srtfst or 'srfstin I or we will go. 

2 wfa or C5t?r?n ^tl^thou wilt or ye will go. 

3 fsft or tg^tiTi he or thgy w ill go. 

native country, is an example of the first sense ; 





C 92 ] 

Subjunctive Mode. 

Present Tense. 

1 .^itfsT or ^rtsr^n ^ if I or we g°* 

2 ^gfsi or c^t^T^I'^8 if tliou or ye go. 

3 ^rpt f%ft or STft if be or they go. 




Past Tense. 

1 or if f or we had gone. 

STrtlk ^fsr or C3fa?:t4tfr3 if thou hadst or ye 

iS ,g0 “- 

3 or if he or they had 

gone. 

Imperative Mode. 

Present Tense. 

2 Person xrtS go thou or go ye. 

3 Person let him or them go. 


Future Tense. 




SCt^3 go thou or go ye in future. 

Infinitive Mode or Present Participle. 
' y^tsz 1 

to go, or gging. • ■ 

Past Participle. f?f*r| or srt^irf 

/tiy-£z ■&&&-■ 

<7 TTrsfrxrG? t 




3Tt^C^5C^, days are passing in vain,, of the second ; 
;^c5j money has been given, of the thir«.d . 



[ 93 ] 

Conditional Participle. if I, thou, or he go. 




Gerund. 

***** going, of going, ^StSTin 

going. 

Second Gerund. 

. 4r 7 ^ - .. . 

W* going, Of going, in going. 


Third Gerund. 


TTteg going, of going 

going. 


•'* ,• / '£.. 

in 


The four compound tenses are, in like man- 


ner, formed by coupling fhe participle stfre 
or ihe,. past participle ftffwith the verb 




ON THE NEGATIVE SENSE. 

Bengalee verbs are made negative by affixing 
to them the negative particle^tl* throughout 
all the tenses of the Indicative Mode. 

f * Sometimes in Poetry and very rarely in conversation, 
“ » is placed before the verb, and in the latter, it is 

* > ^ // 

carelessly pronounced like ^ or 

x 






[ 94 ] 

Prespit Tense. 

1 ^rlfir or <$f? ■•n I or we do not. 

2 or c^\VJ\ ^Tthou dost not, or ye dq. 

not. 

, ■■**-■**— 

3 t%f^T or W&R he does not, or they do 

not. ? , , 

e <£, * 

So ^rtfsr c #d J ^id not; ^srtfvr 3>f<t< 7T\ 

I will not do; ^srtfsr Vi f would not have 

done &c. But the present form is used often 
with negatives in a past sense ; as Wtfft ^Cj 
I do not or I did not; but when “ * is affix- 

. r e jTkkJ 

ed instead of “ ^ri ” to the present tense, it is 
used to express past time in an absolute sense; 
as *rtlf *1 have never done. Hence this 

form is generally used for the negative preter- 
perfect or preter-imperfect. 

The negative form of the present tense of the 
Imperative Mode implies solicitat^n^and not 
negation ; as pray do thou ; ^{Tet him 

do, if he pleases. The future tense of the 
Imperative with theparticle “;rj ” is used for 
the present also ; as do not do at any 

time. As to the other parts of the verb, the 





[ 95 ] 

negative particle is nut, before them ; as 

- A+ / l4~4x-y'A~x 

C5 ; 31 3FTM; 31 ; 31 ^?n; 31 SFHrarla &c. 

In the subjunctive mode > the. verb, which is 
preceded by a subjunctive particle, frequently 
has “ 31 55 before it; but the verb that completes 
the sense., generally precedes the negatiye par- 
tide 31; as wtfst 31 ^fk J 

do not go, them wilt not come; 3f3 vsrtft 
CZrtSftZ? % ^^lf^5^Tif I had not 

seen thee, thou wouldest not have come. 

jfHt alone stands for the first, second, or 
third Person of the verb “ ” in the present , 

tense, when negatively meant; as Wtfsjf sflf? f 
I am not, ^ thou art not, "ck 3Hf 

he is not: So 3 ft; or am not) is often 

substituted, for the first person present of the 

* -^t^rC * -erj, 0 

verb “ ^ ’* in the negative form; 3^or 3^3 
(thou art not) for the second; and 3^3 "or 
(he is not) for the third. 

Tn the three simple tenses of the Indicative , 
Mode, 3tf| is sopie times substituted for %1f|; 
"*31 or I cannot do, in commonly 

light conversation ; as ssrtfsi 3TO Ic^iot^ do• 
*^tf§ 3^*jt^T~I could not do; ^Ifsr 3l1%3 I 
shall not be able to do. 


[ 96 ] 

On the Passive voice. 


The Bengalee verb, like that of other origi¬ 
nally uncultivated languages, has no regular 
passive form. The passive participle of a 


transitive verb such as 


is -srfaj b< 


eaten, appre¬ 


hended, supplies this deficiency, when com- 

«L. 

pounded with the verb srit? - I go, (throughout 
all its tenses, simple or compound) agree¬ 
ing in person with a noun or pronoun in the 
nominative case, considered as united with , 
the passive participle. Indicative Mode. Srffif 
SITi I go apprehended ; meaning I am 
apprehended, or I am about to be apprehend- 
rW<T thou art apprehended; 

3W~he is apprehended; Past tense. ^rjf# 


I went apprehended, or was appre- 
bended &c. ^rifR %j\ I shall go appre- 


yr ^i^^^a_g>rehencled, Compound 


bended or I shall be 
Tenses wifs sr?Tt I am 

bended or getting apprehended &c. 

" I was being apprehended &c. 

^ f?Nifs:J have been apprehended &c. ;srtf*r 
sr?1 I had been apprehended fkc. 



[ 97 ] 


^STlfk *31 


$ubjunctive Mode. Past Tense 

I would have been apprehended &c< 


Imperative Mode. Present Tense. 

2 Person sfjj be thou or ye apprehended. 

3 Person' *31 ‘^t^^T'iet him or them be appre¬ 
hended. • 

he thou or ye ap- 
Infinitive Mode, or past 


Future Tense . 4 


'C5 to get apprehended y 
or getting apprehended. Past Participle. *31 
having been apprehended. ^Conditional 
Participle if apprehended 

rehended, 



in being apprehended** 
Second Gerund? *31* 


. _ . , .. 

So the third Gerund? 

y ' -' 


Jtl'SCT# ST?rt 


* In translating the verb “ ” found in the pasive 

form, the idiom of the English language sometimes re¬ 
quires it to be rendered by “ am ” and sometimes by “ get * 
or “ happen * as well as literally to “ go.* 


Y 




[ 98 3 


Though Intransitive verbs do not admit of a 
passive sense, they admit form but in 

the third person only; as, “walking 
takes place. (Thia sometimes seems equivalent 
to the sentence “ ” walking can 

take place;)walking took, or has taken, 
place &c. 

Transitive verbs also have the same com¬ 
pound form, the former implying mere action, 

the third person 
takes, or can take, 
took, or has taken, 

place &c.^ 

When a transitive verb which has two ob¬ 
jects acted upon, as explained in Page 22, is 


agrees with the latter in 


only, ^f^^performance 
place, TF&rCtfF ?'performance 


rendered in the passive form, the object first 








happens, i. «. I am unsearchable > CTf^T 

to see thee happened, i. e. thou hast been seen: \5l3rfc34 


*f7Tt to apprehend him will take place, i. e. he 

shall be apprehended. The pronoun found in pacli of these 
ser/jences in Bengalee is formed and meant accusatively, 
though in translating it into English, the pronoun may bo 
properly used in the nominative form, in conformity with 
the idiom of that language. 




[ 99 ] 

m view is the subject of the passive verb ; as 
ars^fl money has been given 

to Ram* which thus- stands in the active voice 
I have given money 

to Ram> 

[Of Irregular Compounds. 


Irregular compounds are formed by pre¬ 
fixing to verbs an uninflected noun, ad¬ 
jective, or participle, instead of having it 
in the objective or in any other case, go¬ 
verned by a verb; as sfl^; ^tf T> I cut down 
the tree, of ‘iffe a tree and ^tfl> I cut down; 

oFsm water and I swallow; 
tFfo of irt^T a main anc * I distinguish i. e. 
I am able to distinguish ; I render (him, 

her or it) great or greater, of ZZ> great or greater 
and I render; ^ I make (him) frighten¬ 
ed, of frightened and zlz I make. From ZZ> 
destroyed and ZZZ to make, come z%> ZTZZ to de- 


* In the passive sense if the agent of the action is not 
mentioned, the first person is generally understood as the 
agent of it, especially in the future tense ; as C^t^S^TI 

money will be given, that is, money will be 
given by me. 




[ ioo 1 

Stroy* I do destroy &c. From dis¬ 

turbed and to become* are made 37$ ^3^ to 
become disturbed* 37$ I have become 

disturbed &c. From vrff?[ striking and 4ttSJT to 
get* come 'srffir «aTt<3^r to get beating* 'srtf^ 
he gets a beating &c.* 


OF CAUSAL VERBS, 


Causal verbs are regularly conjugated m 
the active voice* as noticed in Page 68. While 
to avoid obscurity in the meaning* the Ben¬ 
galese rarely use them in a passive sense ; but 
by compounding their verbal noutis in ^ Or iff, 
(expressing mere causal action) with the verb 
in the third person* they conjugate 
them in that person only ; as STlTT caus¬ 
ing seizure takes place *• oC-aTto or (Tftffal 

to cause to see is taking place # 
Whatever noun or pronoun stands as an 

* If any one should insist upon conjugating causal verbs 
in the passive sense, let him use the verbal nouns as pas¬ 
sive participles and join them with the verb C( ’ 7 
in the usual form of the passive voice, in such instances 
as permit at all this construction. 





r 101 ] 


agent, or properly speaking as a subject of an 
accident, and is nominatively placed with an 
intransitive verb (except the verb “ vrfj ” I die 
which, in fact, has no causal form) becomes the 
object acted upon, when the verb is rendered 
causal; as I cause him to march, 

comes from the Intransitive verb tzm he 
marches : In the same manner, the agent of a 
ti ansitive verb becomes the accusative in a 
causal sense, if the action in this sense passes 


on to the agent of the transitive verb; if not, 
the agent becomes instrumental; as 
he eats, in the transitive form, becomes 

-arts^rtt I cause him to eat, in a causal 
sense; ?n> if (I'M he makes a jar, be¬ 
comes in the causal form srtfsr vn? 

stTt^ I make a jar through Kim. 

\ in the first syllable of verbs is generally 
changed into v*l and % into \3, when rendered 
causal, as fStfst I write, I cause him to 

write; ^fg I rise, I cause him to rise or 
raise him. 


Z 



[ 102 ] 

ON INTERROGATION, 


Interrogation is often implied by prolonging thp 
sound of the last vowel of a verb or it*s affix, 
throughout all it's tenses, without introducing 
change or addition in form, or using an interroga¬ 
tive particle with it; as ^fk art thou go¬ 

ing ? itfk tSrtifesi didst thou go ? ^sfk 
wilt thou not go ? &c. A question is some 
times conveyed by placing the interrogative 
article 1% before or after the verb ; as ^fk 
ft or -$Tk wilt thou go ? ^ftr ft 

?ri STtoT, or ft ^1, wilt thou not go ?. 
Ttfft is often substituted for ft, when the 
person who questions has previously some idea 
of the subject interrogated ; as ^Tift 
Is it that thou wilt go ? or art not thou to go ? 

Sometimes a verb is repeated, the former in 
the affirmative form and the latter in the nega¬ 
tive, and ft is placed between them to 
convey interrogation, as ^fk srtra ft 3rtr3r> 
properly speaking ^fk STfca: ft wilt thou 
po or not ? 



[ 103 ] 

Exceptions. 

The future tense of the verb I stay, 

if preceded by the past participle, implies, du¬ 
biously, an accident taking place in the past 
time ; as vsrtfsr I think I 

have beaten him, or I may have beaten him. 

The verbal noun to come, drops the 

vowel as ^11%^ I came, ^rtfsc 
I will come &c. Except in the present tense of 
the Indicative Mode and the second person 
present of the Imperative; as ^Ttfsr I 

come ; ^rt^r come thou. # The ?r of the ver¬ 
bal noun is also dropped frequently in conversa¬ 
tion from the imperfect tense and the conditional 
participle ; as I came ; if coming. 

(if< 3 ^ to give, though of the second class, 
is inflected as if the verbal noun were as 
« ” I give “ f^cTtsr 55 I gave 8&c. Except in the 

second and third persons of the present tense 
pf the Indicative Mode and of the Imperative, 
and also in the passive Participle, in which 
instances it is inflected according to the Rules 
applicable to verbs of the second class ; as op3 
thou give ; CW or OxJ he gives; Op3 give 

* In conversation the ^ of i s always dropped? 




[ 104 ] 

thou; OP&C or let him give; CTpQTTi to 

give or given. 

So to take, to spend, from the Sung- 

skrit root sf), is inflected as if the verbal noun 
were as ft I take ; ftsrtsr I took ; ft* I will 
take &c. with the above exceptions ascribed to 
the verb ft I give; as thou takest &c. 

The verbal noun s^^to receive or to accept, 
from the Sungskrit root «rl, is of the second 
class, and is conjugated accordingly,* as I 
receive, sj'S thou receivest, c^he receives &c. 
But those unacquainted with Sungskrit, from 
the similarity existing between “ and 

“ in their pronunciation, transcription, and 

meaning, confound one with the other. 

^ in the first syllable of some verbs of the 
first or second class is changed into ^ in the 
third person present of the Indicative Mode 
and in the passive participle; as <7T csftfT he 
washes; art'S^rj to wash or washed. 

to drink, a defective verb of the se¬ 
cond class, admits the following words in con¬ 
jugation, ftrretf*, 

; and in these instances, 
it imitates the verb before noticed. 


Chapter VII. 

Of Participles. 

Participles are those words which express 
the circumstances of nouns with regard to time, 
depending on that noted by another verbal attri¬ 
butive ; as 

he went out, having read the book* 

In the Bengalee language ^ri or 'Oxrj affixed 
to the roots of transitive verbs, denotes the 
object being acted upon prior to the time ex¬ 
pressed by the verb to which it is attached, and 
these are consequently called passive Partici¬ 
ples ; as TrtfTl he fell beaten , i. e. he be¬ 
came exhausted by beating. 

The passive participle is sometimes used ad- 
jectively; as 4 this is a 

well written book; and sometimes joined 
to the verb serves to represent a pas¬ 
sive verb ; as OWJ the river is 

* For particulars the student may refer to Pages 96 
—99. 


A A 




[ 106 ] 

seen. Intransitive and transitive verbs have 
gerunds of this form, as explained in Pages 66 
and 98. 

Such Sungskrit passive Participles as end in 

as 3^5 killed, and in ^<rj, as proper to 
be done, are often adjectively used in Bengalee : 
But such as end in as worthy of 

donation, and in sr, as fit to be given are 
sometimes in use. 

Participles having other terminations than 
or 'QTfl, relate to the agent of an accident. They 
are four in number and are commonly called 
active Participles, as , srtf^5 beating, ^t^TJ 
while smiling, ‘STtf^Ti having beaten, if 

seeing. 

Of the four active participles, the first ending 
in|^5 # is called the present participle, the time of 
the accident denoted by this form and that of the 
verb to which it is attached being considered as 
one ; as 

Ram saw him falling on the ground. This form of 
participle, when repeated, implies repetition or 

* This form of participle is often used as an Infinitive 
Mode. See Page 66 or 74. 





T ror ] 

continuation of the accident; as & 

■srtf?C n 5 TTtHrs iffiSS he entered 

into the city, repeatedly or constantly beating 
his. enemy, G\ ^T5 ^Tt^r by 

continual walking, he became almost dead. But 
this mode of repetition is not considered elegant 
in writing. 

affixed to the verbal noun after 

rejecting as usual the final ^SM, gives it the 
sense of the participle repeated, as 

for35f3X^#f?TF5, constantly doing. Tltis is the se¬ 
cond form of the active participle, and has always 
the same agent with the verb to which it is at¬ 
tached; it has also, like irregular Compounds 
noticed in page 99, an uninflected noun before 
it; as f%f5r ytgl? Ttf3^3 he 

went out, repeatedly or continually striking his 
enemy; which is equivalent to f%ftr 

JF5 Ttffs&i tffOTT. But such 
unity of agency is not invariably implied by 
the participle ending in as 

w\fk I will arrive there before 

he arrives. 

The third -active participle ends in ^rj, as 
having done, having eaten. 



[ 108 ] 

and is called the past participle, because it always 
implies the priority of the accident denoted by 
the participle to that which is expressed by the 
verb that follows it; both this form of the partici¬ 
ple and its Verb have always the same agent; 

rffiQ having fought frequently, and 

having experienced much suffering, he de¬ 
feated his enemy. 

The fourth form of the active participle ends in 
as CWpto Sec. and is called the con¬ 

ditional participle, since it principally stands 
for the subjunctive mode and requires, in 
like manner, another accident to complete 
the sense; as Trlf^ ^\fk 

if he be beating me, I will beat him, or if he 
beat me, I will beat him; TTtf^ sflfsr 

if he had beaten me, I w ould 
have beaten him.* All the active participles are 

* The Conditional Participle, like the Subjunctive Mode, 
admits of the adverb u ” before the latter verb which 
completes the sense; as ^TifST 5Ti^: 

if he be gone, then I shall go. This form of the Partici¬ 
ple, when placed before the word u n or “ 




[ 109 1 

indeclinable, and have the noun before them 
in the nominative case, expressed or un¬ 
derstood : Except those that end in ^£5, 
which, in some instances; arcr immediately re¬ 
lated to an objective case. See p. 106. So in¬ 
transitive verbs have the present participle in 
the past in ^rt, and the conditional in 
They are used similarly and are inde¬ 
clinable. 

From the examples of those already given in 
the preceding chapter, it will be evident that 
all the participles are formed from verbs, and 
consequently they express either a transitive or 
intransitive sense, according to the classification 
of the verbs from which they are derived; as 

after, is substituted for a noun implying 1 mere accident; afi 
a ^ er thy departure I will go ; or 
I will go after you have gone. But when this form is used, 
without a preceding noun expressed or understood, it implies 
an attempt at an action or accident; and in this case, it 
requires that the verb which follows it should be of the 
same root; as if an at “ 

tempt be made to give, it may be given, i. e. I can give, 
if I choose. 

B B 



C no ] 

4 *TS[W having learnt this 

news, I became insensible; fsfir ^Ttfst 

I will sleep, should he sleep. 

Such Snngskrit active participles, as end in 
^1, as Jftel a giver, and in as a ser* 

yant, are in frequent use. 


Chapter VIII. 

Of Adverbs . 

Adverbs, as expressing the attributes of 
other attributives, are necessarily joined to an 
adjective, verb, or participle, and sometimes to 
an adverb; as Tg he is very 

mild; he goes quickly; 

*£c?rfsr he having 

quickly gone thither, came again; 

*ftsr he is going very quickly. 

Adverbs are generally indeclinable; but 
when used emphatically, admit of having ^ or 
'Q added to their termination; as ifj-sftr now 
^^rfSr at this very time, <<1^1 even to this 
time; thus, even so or this very 

way, ^"STCTI even in this manner; o T 
he will go this very day. 

There are many words in Bengalee that are 
sometimes used adverbially, sometimes as 
adjectives or substantives liable to declen¬ 
sion; as the word (before) in the fol- 



[ 112 ] 

lowing sentence, “ rafsrt? 

^Ttf^rfc^T he had come before your departure/ 
is used as a mere adverb, but in the phrase 
u trjt men of ancient days,” the word 
“ '» is substantively used, and in the phrase 

“ vgf hast thou forgotten tlie for¬ 

mer circumstance,” is rendered as an ad¬ 
jective. 

Many of those that are used as adverbs, 
especially such as relate to time or place, admit 
of having added to their termination, ^^5 
or zr # the symbols of the locative case; as 
or C? after, fiscal* or near &c. The 

following list comprehends the Adverbs that are 
most common and gives some examples of their 
use. 

once, as CH* give thou once ; 

so &c. at once, as 

Cfp3 give all at once ; so &c. Tt? 3*t£, 

*£* several times ; 1?, *0?!$ 

again; *ptcsr at first or in the first place, as 
^Tstcsr give him first; C*lW, 
c*tC% lastly ; as 4 C*ttt this 


* See Page 23. 







[ 113 ] 

child was born lastly; m^Cb'SrtCT in^m the midst; 
2RTST, K* K by degrees ; asf%fg < 
lets Tf he by degrees conquer- 

red the kingdom of his enemy; s£lC$\ or 
sfftg slowly : ^ gently ; as Ti<r < 
the wind blows gently; CZZ^t 

quickly; ^srf%,^rf%«rt?G W5J*T may be 
prefixed to these and other adverbs of a similar 
nature to imply quality in a great degree ; as 
**f>T he goes very quickly, ^rt% 

*f )zj the carnage goes very slowly. 

In such phrases as “ “ TOOT cf \T * 

* ^1% and others are used adjec- 

lively, or here; <71^ there; 

to or at what place, &ttTT to or at that place, 
as ^tfsr sttfe I will stay 

wherever you stay; literally, at what place you 
will stay, at that place I will stay ; UsTt^T eftr 

* When a word is intended to be repeated, the figure 2 
is often added to it to imply repetition. 

-]- This adverb is frequently applied to the motion of 
the wind. 

+ is generally used for motion from one place to 

smother, as fjft CZZK K*Pt he "’ alk ’ ( l uick, - v ' 

c c 








































Mr 







* 































































► * ; . . * . • * » . ; l 

- •> 


' . ' 


I 3, ' * i 

- * - "* 


















* 

f 




t 


v ’ ?•-:. 





























- 











' • 

- 




. 






















>* 














fa 




► I*** 




r 






> ' . 









•# 




/ 






















* 









\ 











•A 




* 


* 












i- 

















[ US ] 

\ now and then; as long; ! srtW 

so long. 

Tlfe<K or before a noun, being expres¬ 
sive of whole number or quantity, is adjectively 
used, as srfa®* every 

thing that we see in this world, is perishable, 
^niJ ^Ts-at ’srfaft ’SJ.T* all mankind are liable 
to grief,* but when spoken alone, each is used ad¬ 
verbially ; as ^fk sttf^RST WtfSr 
as long as you stay, so long I will stay, or I w21 
stay as long as you. In this case the correla¬ 
tive is frequently omitted, at what 

time ; ^5 j t^ at that time, which is often used as a 
correlative to “ lufc f as tuir ^fk srtfsREr 
n 5 * 3 R ^Ttfsr I will be prepared when 

you come ; literally, at what time you will come 
I will at that time be prepared. This correla¬ 
tive like others is sometimes omitted- at 

what time ? or more correctly on what day ? 

when, then, which is often prefixed 
to the latter verb of the subjunctive Mode. See 
Page 72. 

7 F 5 as many or as much, ^5 so many or so 
much, so many or so much of a thing 
considered as present ; how many or 

how much, c^; why ? almost f as 





[ 117 ] 

or in what manner, so or in that manner, 

correlatives to OTSR; ^*5R in this manner ; 

C<F5R how or what kind ; as how 

art thou ? 'SRR7 what kind of 

man is he ? by what means. 

a little ; too much ; much; R1, 
srft, Rtl^not; suddenly; b&fc, bnrfcffa 

SRFirfc by chance; perhaps, literally, I 

suppose ; well; sfettsf truly, really ; ZIT> 
yes; mutually ; *f?Tl|Tiir traditionally or by 

report; moreover; ^tgVf? of a long time. 

Adverbs of quality are often formed by ad¬ 
ding the word “ *t|% ” (which may in English 
be generally rendered by “ with ”) to substantives 
signifying quality, as t^lJ 
he fought with resolution, 

he is maintaining 

his family with prudence. 

<rRR and others ending in -tfR, and its 
similar words, as <isrj &c. and such as end in 
■aR, as jq-aTR, ^5-UR &c as well as TfflJ, ^tl%, 
and ^rtfe and the pronoun ^TRiR admit 
3Pt? after them to signify relation; as 
RRtFR the news of that place, lij-aR^FR RRRJ 
men of our time. 


D D 





Chapter IX. 


Of Prepositions. 
TZVtft fart's*!. 


Prepositions may be defined to be such 
words as, when correctly placed before or af¬ 
ter a word, express the relation of another 
attribute or noun to that word; as (7f 

I he went from the Town, expressing re¬ 
lation between the act of going out and the 
Town, the motion having had it's beginning in 
the Town : This may t^ejg 
he left the Town. ?l3f1 

the Prince receive^RaJetter from Ram. Here 
the preposition “ ” shews relation between 

Ram and the letter, as having been addressed 
or dispatched by Ram. «jf% 1%1^r 

^tr^TTe is angry with Ram, shewing rela¬ 
tion between Ram and anger as being directed 
towards him. 

English Prepositions, such as of, to, in, 
have no corresponding words in the Bengalee 



[ ] 


language, their respective significations being 
expressed by the Genitive, accusative, and 
locative cases. See Pages 21 to 24, 


with, expresses the relation of union, 

»• «, • fc-V- ' .♦* 

tliough frequently in a figurative sense, and 

. ' , • v - - . X ■ 

governs its preeedin^nmgi^rj^^g^in^t^ ^ 
lenitiv^/case ;-j* as 'Sffi 

he Jias mixed water with milk, srfsrfa 
come with me, 

ifen'without, expresses the opposite of ?rf^. , 

As denoting the relation of disunion, it must 
have a noun or pronoun be^r^Jt, which ^ 

„ used in the nominative case; as ^ 

*** ; ^ * • **; -A 

^ life without virtue is vain, T%r 
3>T?Zn 5 who can save except lnm. 

'^^5 from, implies the relation of separa¬ 
tion, though sometimes figuratively. It governs 
the noun or pronoun denoting the object quitted 

* In English “with ” sometimes implies inst^neaj^ility, 
as lie writes with a pen, a construction which does 

not admit. 

-j- The noun preceding-, sometimes, emits the symbol 
of the genitive case, according to t he ^l cs^j n^ S^ ngskrU ^ ^ 
applicable to ^compound > as 
or witJl bis own son. 


i 








[ 120 ] 




^Jn Jhe ^initiative case ; as* 3 / 5 *b Jjj-pT 

t^e leaves are falling from the tree, cstsri 
*TRT no one experiences pain 
from thee. It im^J ies tlie^ relabel ofjage^nc^ ^ 
or comparison ; as 

- Jars are made by the Potter; ?fsr ^Tfsr 

*1Fn5tj Shyam is more active than^Ram. 

^1<T| through or by, expresses the relation of 
instrumentality and has a noun or pronoun 

» k ’■ , . _ tiZ***&£ /%**<- 

denoting the instrument; as ^T?1 1%t5r 

■STtf^R .he beat with his hands. 

But ma also expressing instrumentality, fob 
lows th^ instrumental noun in the nominative 
case ; as ^f?t finn 34?^ lie pre- 

pared the pen with a knife ; that is, through a 
knife. .See Page 24. 

^f{% towards, denotes the relation of ap¬ 
proach generally in a figurative sense, govern- 
ing, in the genitive case, the noun or pronoun 
before ltTJiat denotes the obmct of figurative 
approach ; as fcfc j\rs[j H?1 <R?3 he feels 
compassion towards Ram ; that is, compassion 
is extended to B@jn. 

^rtr? towards, is used like except that 
it implies the relation of an approach, frequently 




in a real sense; as ?rtra3 lie 

looked at Ram; that is, his sight was directed 
towards Ram. 

upon, or against, denoting the relation 
of superior opposition, requires a noun or pro¬ 
noun implying the inferior object really or figu¬ 
ratively to be put in the, genitive case; as 
^*f?T ^ bmltdiejiouge^ 


^ a on t]ie mountain, C^fsrt? *^§*r?r T?t3>l 

a sum of one hundred Rupees has 

accumulated against thee. 

vsrt^Tl for ^sttfsr in the nominative case, OSfsri 
Xt> ■>>/..„/ X' <X. , i X 

For igfsr, >51^1 for c*F, $X1 for for '3, 

*Tt^1 "tor ex, K are always used before 

the prgiosi^on “^ZT5* and also, before the 

word “ ^5% ” a substitute for as denoting 

agency. But before K *ff% ” these substitutes are 

used optionally; as ®rtHl *rf% or stfsrt? < jf%- 

The foregoing prepositicgsjjre indeclinab^y 

While such words as ifftu beneath 

among or in; for; upon; f^>’5C3 

within; above, though they are found 

in the locative form, may, in common 

with some others, be enumerated among 



[ 122 ] 

English Grammarians; as 
<^fst<n? JflTF ®t®T Sfl *tt'3*n jjrgr /vvat^Js al- 


vs 


wavs 


found under the ground ; fsf^c TOSTO f 


ff1% ^£3^ Jfe resides above all; retsrftTO srr$J 


among you^°^\zjj TZCXrm the world ; C^tJTt? 

^ -&C*Tjes*^ 

MZp for thee; upon the tree, ^rcro 


within the house. But they are also used 
in the nominative form as adjectives joined 

c_c^je-evo 

with substantives; as sffr ^fsr low ground; 
^TbT high place &c. see Page 54, 

TfCW? in the locative fonn, are used for 
accompaniment euid, 37h5TOC3F for exception; 
as C5\^pi pf or 1 will go with thee ; 

ztim-zifsczm czckj to 0 vst\ 

vb 

no one can acquire himself a knowledge of the 
purport of the Ved except a Brahmun. The sub¬ 
stantives such as ISrfsftj and originally signify 
the cause or motive of anaccident> but the former 
in the locative or in the nominative form and the 
latter in the nominative form only are, some 
times, used as substitutes for the preposition 
“for ;” as ftfkrs or btfsTs ^Tlfsc 

■*fo I am labouring for thee ; 

^|t«J *TM CTO man offers his life for 


man. 


[ 123 ] 

Many Sungstrit words that are commonly 
used in Bengalee, are compounded with inse¬ 
parable Particles called by Sungstrit 

Grammarians. These particles are twenty in 
number, and admit of no change in their termi¬ 
nations. They, however, generally change or 
modify the usual meaning of the words with 
which they are compound^ ; as fffa donation, 
with the preposition “ ^rl ” placed before it, 
means receipt or acceptance ; victory pre- 
fixed by “ implies defeat, Here, and in 
like instances, a complete subversion of the 
original meaning is indicated by the particles ; 
while in many other instances, a change with, 
regayd^o degree or quality is onljM3onveyed ; 
as ^f*r destruction, preceded by “ ft,” signifies 
utter destruction. In a few instances no change 
whatever is observed in the original meaning; 
as Tfft and *1Prft both equally imply birth or 
production. An enumeration of these Particles 
in this place may assist the student in tracing 
such compound words. These are as follow. 

1 ^r, as sun-shine or manifestation $ 

2 ^<[j, us conquered; 3 spf, as 




[ 124 ] 

blame ; 4 as touching; 5 fg, as fg?W 
agreement; 6 ’stx, as swSFi’f leisure; 7 
as permission; 8 f5f?r, as f'dW'? 

vain; 9 HIT, as tfsfst inaccessible; 10 ft as 

ck^ 

f^^tf^adversity; 11 w 1%, as Master; 

12 sf, as virtue; 13 as su- 

<k. <kv k 

perior; 14 as stft'Frr acquaintance; 15 

as revenge; 16 ^Ts, as ^rfssrfa 

appellation ; 17 3?f%, as transgression; 

18 <srfa, as concealment; 19 as 

favour; 20 as desire. For 

further examples and their respective meanings, 
the student may refer to a Sungskrit or Ben¬ 
galee Dictionary. 


Chapter X* 


Conjunctions. 


Conjunctions are such words as, when 
placed between sentences, express the at¬ 
tribute of copulative or disjunctive relations 
between the thoughts conveyed by those 
sentences, and when correctly used be¬ 
tween words, express their agreement in acci¬ 
dent, without governing them ; as ^fs l vij WC3 
Tfr nfk StSFtre CTfC^ Ram will 

reside in this Town, if he find the Monarch 
endued with virtue; ^Tsr 
■^JTsr Ram went into the 

Town, but Shy am did not accompany him; 

^3 ■*Tjfsr Ram and Shyam 

both are wise. 

Conjunctions in Bengalee, like those in Eng¬ 
lish, are indeclinable, and in application also 
they, for the most part, resemble their respec¬ 
tive corresponding conjunctions in the latter 




[ 126 ] 

Language : I have therefore contented myself 
with enumerating those that most frequently 
occur, giving examples of the use of such 
only as have some thing peculiar, in their 
mode of application, 

^ and ; srfo if; nK 5T then ; <R that; 

as f%fg CH CStSta ?rf^5 ’*1*^51 ^ 

he said that he has no enmity towards you : 
<RC^, C^gl, *t?«| because; oq ^t?T«b 

^q ftftherefore; and, also, even; ^rl^ 
and ; but ; rather; =3^ 

yet, nevertheless, as ar*f ^Jt?T 3Ff?R, 

S59ftf*r (^tPt or ^ fjtJIfaFfc? sttfe* 511 1 shall 
rather forsake my country than live under a 
corrupt Government; though, notwith¬ 
standing, as mipVQ TtW«i ^ 

*tR% Ti*f «i ‘srfaj Though a Brah- 

mun is to be much respected, nevertheless a 
wicked Bralimun by no means deserves respect; 
1%Tp or ; generally implies uncertainty ; 
as ^rtfir Tj ^ I may perhaps go, Tj he 

may perhaps go. srfifG although ; as ^srlfsr >$rt^3 
zifl srt^r =n ^3 (or wf*K3) f%f5r ssrWra 

I will not call at his house, although 
he has invited me ; xrf^r unless, composed of 






[ 127 ] 

“ ” if and “ ” not ; as ^srtfsj 

^rlftrs fe^rl, *rfcn ^fir ^teg^fcaj 
^n^5T I will not permit thee to pall here, unless 
(or if not) thou come early in the morning’. 

All the foregoing conjunctions serve only 
to connect sentences, except ^ 3 ;°, $rt?, 'S, and 
f^rsri, as well as 31, which are applicable both 
to sentences and words ; as ^rifsr ^3^ 

(^t?, 'S) I am reading 

and my brother also is reading j ^tfsr ^)3° ($rfa, 
vq) ^sii^rlir \5t\51 *rf?rec^r I and my brother are 
reading: (or ^3l) 

$ttf3F3 either he will stay or I shall, 'frsri 

(or ^31) sflfsr he or I will, stay. Be¬ 

sides 'S, when used for “ also ” or “ even,” fol¬ 
lows a noun or pronoun connected with another 
as a member of a sentence either expressed or 
understood; as srtfa 'Q *1^* I also will go ; 
that is. He is going, I also will go. c* f 

he despised even me See Page 44 f 




Chapter XI. 


Of Interjections . 

Such words as express the momentary 
passions or emotions of the speaker, though 
uttered alone, are called Interjections 

; as ^'Rr, sitfir ^rcxrt^tJ 3?f^Tsr alas ! 
I have done wrong. 

Interjections implying various passions, are 
of different sorts. Those that convey grief or 
pain are ^t*T, vsrt^ ^ ah, alas, oh; and those 
that solicit protection are jgrtft; save; 

Such as are expressive of compassion are ; 
of repentance ; of contempt ; of admira¬ 
tion ^-51 well, excellent; of appro¬ 

bation ; of sudden prohibition ; of dis¬ 
gust^ ; of surprize, wi, strange; 

and of calling attention. \ 3 , (J, g\ 1; 

which are in general use, and they are termed 
vocative Particles. See Page 25. 

<^I1 is applicable to females and cj to males; 



[ 129 ] 

they both imply disrespect: cvfi is common to 
both the sexes and is a familiar term; is a 
still more familiar term, and is applied to males 
only or to a multitude : 'Q is used indifferently : 
It always precedes the name of the object ad¬ 
dressed ; as nq 'srfe O king! 'Q O 

wicked ! 'S O Lord! while the others 

follow the name or a verb in the Imperative 
Mode, or in the Interrogative sense; as 
O brother! nj evil O mother! on O 

woman! O servant; OTQ give thou 

O man, 0t# evil see thou O man or woman, 
eat thou O man, 3rtC«Ti go thou O 
woman ; # ? #tCWtCVt1 ? #lftgft^ri ? -artftr- 

stft?? wilt thou not eat? #tC^vfi ? 

#tftx«Ti ? CiftrTS ? wilt thou eat ? They sometimes 
come after a word adopted for interrogation ; 
as ft? what O man ? Cfl1 why O man 

or woman? where Oman? art 

when O woman ? &c. They however stand be¬ 
fore the noun, when preceded by the vocative 
particle ^ ; as ^3or <} cvjTl O brother ! 
^ C«Tl 'Etvft O woman! <3^ ^37 O servant! 


* A name of contempt applied to An old woman. 

G G 



[ 130 1 

is some times substituted for v3 before 
them; as c^cs; ^ O Brother, C%C£ ^5J O, 
Servant! &c. 

OV\ and the other particles, when compounded 
with are often used in their respective appli¬ 
cations, without requiring another word to join 
them; as With ^ ; meaning to 

call the attention of the object then actually 
present. C3" is sometimes used for objects 
worthy of religious or civil adoration and it is, 
in this case, applicable to both the sexes; as 
*[ 3 fj O sun! O goddess of fortune ! c^; 

*** ^3 *1 0 K ™£ ! do not be 
blinded with power. 


Chapter XII. 
Of Syntax. 


A complete sentence must contain, at least, 
one noun and one verbal attribute expressed 
or understood ;* as 3ft Ram goes: If the 
verb be transitive, another noun must be ad¬ 
ded ; as jfc ■sdfaOTT Ram beat him. 

To those may be added attributes of quality 
to the noun's and of circ ^instance to the attri¬ 
butes ; as 

; sprrt$ *rf% 43% *i*r?t 

sntiF *T*jXtjre ^ET^rsc Saft^tS a bad master 
always beats bis servant unjustly at home 
and abroad and treats him like a beast or' 
rather worse than a beast. 

The noun or pronoun of which a verb is 
considered as the attribute, is placed in the 
nominative case ? as Ram is go¬ 

ing. See Page 20 and Note* in the same page. 

The verb agrees in person onlyj with the 
noun in the nominative case; as srtfsr 


4 See Note jf iff Page 2. 
% See Page 63. 





[ 132 j 

I will go, TTi^ZZ thou wilt go. 

The object of an active verb is put in the 
accusative case; as CfrftfStfe I 

have seen him. See Page 23 and 24 and 
Notes # andf in the latter page. 

Nouns denoting the time or place of an ac* 
cident are put in the locative case ; as 

he has sat down in my house. 

See Page 23. 

So a noun expressing the instrument of an 
accident is sometimes used in the locative form, 
as <rm (or 

Earn cut off his enemy^s head with a 
sword. See Page 24. 

When the sense implied by a noun is limited 
by another, that which limits the sense is put 
in the Genitive case ; as TFrzzrg ^ 3 ? the head 
of a man. See Page 23. 

When one noun is compared^# with ano¬ 
ther/ that in which the quality compared is 
found in the 1 smaller degree indicated by the 
preposition is put in the nomina¬ 
tive form ; as man is 

stronger than woman. See Pages 58 and 120. 

The adjective generally precedes the noun ; 
as a good man, a large house. 

See Page 54. 


[ 133 ] 

A sentence generally commences with a nouti 
or pronoun in the nominative case, unless that 
noun have an adjective prefixed to it, and 
always ends with a verb. The other parts of 
speech consisting of Participles, Adverbs, 
Prepositions* Conjunctions, and Interjections 
require no particular rules for their relative 
position in a sentence. They have the order 
already mentioned in the examples given in 
the Chapters treating of them respectively; 

i ^ ^ft^TTffirs 

*T5f ^f?RTJ ^ 

A large Tiger entering into a village by night 
from a forest* committed various mischiefs 
there for a length of time ; afterwards a cou¬ 
rageous man having combated with the animal, 
put it to death. From that time the inhabitants 
of the village have, with comfort, engaged 
themselves in their respective professions. 

Such adverbs however as well badly 
are generally placed immediately before the 


H H 




t 134 ] 

simple or compound verb to which they are 
attached; as ^ 1%4t be writes 

English well. 

A sentence especially a short one sometimes 
begins with a noun or pronoun in an oblique 
case, as srtfit >5Jtt I will 

never forsake him; 'SFTOT? 
f^sri ^sx^Xt^TT *FC<r. The conduct of a man renders 

4 

him respectable or disrespectable ; Zjf&j 

It ’TfSTsff ^ i 11 a moral man 

learning is considered an additional ornament; 

sri^l c?Tte fair 33&T1 <?r ^ftf% 

ttjO he by whom the peace of society has 
not been disturbed, is a moral man; literally, 
by whom the peace of society has not been 
disturbed, he is a moral man. See Page 46. 

Compound nouns both Bengalee and Sung- 
skrit, as specified in Page 41, as well as irre¬ 
gular verbal compounds as noticed in Page 9-9, 
are subject to the same rules that are applicable 
to simple nouns and verbs, as *rfgOTT? 

CSl’STt? <£*r°Ti he expressed thy 

praise in the assembly of the learned. They 
may be thus rendered compounds, 



[ 135 ] 

1%f3r C^fsrtW *r*f 0 *Tj in the learned as¬ 

sembly he did praise thee. In both instances 
is used in the locative case and “ 55 

as the transitive verb, having the word 
as its objective in the former and the term 
in the latter. 

As to the use of the infinitive mode with 
the verb 3 ^, the reader may refer to Page 90> 
In conversation, as well as in poetry, raj is 
some times added to a noun or pronoun in the 
nominative case or to its verb to impty uncer¬ 
tainty, as to the result or to express resolution ; 
as srtfsr I go or will go (though I am 

not sure of success,) -ssrtfsr </$1 I will do so 
whether others join me or not: But when it is 
joined to an oblique case, it hardly implies any 
thing additional except resolution in some in¬ 
stances ; as \5t3[t£3F C^TI Cftpto: I must see him. 
So <r^1 is rarely added to a verb in the nega¬ 
tive form in familiar conversation and in poetry 
also without introducing any change in the 
meaning ; as Wtfsr zrit' ^T1 I have never gone, 
«rlfir ctf*rftr c^ri I did not go, srifir ^rt 

) will not go. 



[ 136 j 

The following sentiments afford specimen of 
various forms of address according to the re¬ 
lative rank of the speaker and the person ad¬ 
dressed. 

Those in which corrupted Persian words are 
found have evidently been introduced through 
the Hindoostanee language. 

, A servant wishing to know the commands of 
his master, if a man of high rank, says “ 4 
(or am*) 3^31% ^r.’- 

This servant (or slave) is in attendance, what is 
your presence’s command? that is, I am at your 
service, will you order me to do any thing ? 

The expectant of favors from a person of 
superior cast says, ^ sfpfa 

fcttrca? fast? For 

a long tinte 1 have been meditating on that 
lotus-like foot. There is no refuge but in your 
Lordship’s favor. 

An inferior in addressing a superior says 
* A *tfThis 
dependent has a strong hope in thee. 

and ^51 are also used between 
equals amongst respectable persons, and these 



[ 137 ] 

Words have their corresponding verbs in the 
third person instead of the second as noticed 
in page 81 ; “ or T% » 

Pray, Sir, what are you doing ? ^fsr is used to¬ 
wards an inferior, and sometimes towards equals 
if great familiarity exists. A master, in ad¬ 
dressing a steward, says “ ” 

hast thou prepared the letter ? 

^ is addressed to menial servants or persons 
of low birth when disrespect is intended. ^ 
C^tstl is equivalent to the phrase, 

Fellow! where art thou going. 

OF PROSODY, 

Prosody teaches the rules of arrangement of 
words in a sentence in relation to their sounds. 

In Bengalee the vowels, ^n, if, 

<j}, ip, \3 and ^ are, in imitation of Sungskrit, 
considered as having long sounds, whether each 
is pronounced separately or joined to a conso¬ 
nant ; as wl, 3F1, &c. These admit no 

change in pronunciation whether prefixed to a 
consonant or to the 0 or g (f^sf); as 

*rt # , ^ns. Oil the other hand the 
vowels sr, If, •«#, have short sounds, 
I I 



[ 138 ] 

whether pronounced alone or added to one or 
more consonants, as sr, 3 F, ft?, &c.; but 
when placed before compound consonants, or 
the or ftrr^ or even before a consonant 

not followed by a vowel, they form long syllables 
equivalent to those of the former class ; as 
^1% '5T§j &c. 

In arranging words in a sentence, if they are 
placed according to their respective sounds in 
point of measure for the sake of harmony, the 
composition is termed poetical or by which 

language becomes more calculated than it other¬ 
wise would be to rouse human passions, especially 
if the words are accompanied with music. 

But as the natives of Bengal have neither 
music* nor a language well adapted for poetry, 
little or no inducement exists to a foreigner 
to study its prosody; I have therefore noticed 
only two or three measures of verse that are 
in frequent use, and refrain from introducing 
a separate Chapter treating of Prosody. The 
first is called consisting of two lines, both 
ending in the same vowe) and consonant : 
Each line consists of fourteen consonants or 

* Such natives <?f Bengal as are versed in the music 
of the upper provinces of India in general dislike the 
nmsic of their native place. 




[ 139 ] 


disjoined vowels, divided into not less than 
seven nor more than fourteen syllables; as 
3T5T1 CsrWfcp Ti^riH m : 

^51 <rtr^: C<TTt 3*7- 

1 2345 6 78 9 10 11 12 

Ra-ja bu-le go-sain ba-sae a-ji chu-lu. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 
ku.-ra ja-be oo-pu-jook-tu ka-li je-ba bu-lu. 

CFfit Vl tn ^Tf'? 5Tt^: 

*tf% ^rtirsij feiW?. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 

Dak Hank Dhak Dhol Mai-Shat Shar; 

12 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 

ba-kye-te purb-but kin-too kar-je ti-la-kar. 

which is next in use, also consists of two 
lines ; both, like the sfgrfsl, ending in the same 
vowel and consonant. Each line is divided into 
tjiree parts, the first two of which also end in 
the same vowel and consonant, each of them con¬ 
sisting of eight consonants or disjoined vowels ; 
the third part contains ten such letters; as 
Tnfl Tir-tfRb *fc? cvrc-st yvi 

*r*i ; 

f ^1?, »niWsi am 

# is used here for as in conversation 

and for The student will meet with many 

.other instances of poetic license in the perusal of metrical 
.compositions. 





[ 140 ] 


TTiere is another form of the shorter* 

than this ; which instead of having eight letters 
in each of the two first divisions, contains six 
and the last division of each line consists of 
eight letters in stead of ten ; as 

vtffa jfsvz, ; 

srtfSr *WT. 

A measure of verse called 05 l!?<e is rarely used. 

In Bengalee it consists of two lines, each of which 
is composed of twelve letters, the third, sixth, 
ninth, and twelfth letters being long and the rest 
short; as 



^farter a fir tot. 

In this measure the length of the syllables, 
contrary to the other cases, is strictly regarded. 



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